Valdez

Valdez Valdez valdez ´ [key], city (1990 pop. 4,068), Valdez-Chitina-Whittier census div., S Alaska, at the head of Valdez Arm inside Prince William Sound ; inc. 1901. It has tourist and fishing industries, as well as salmon spawning grounds. The city's excellent, nearly landlocked ice-free harbor was explored and named by the Spaniards in 1790. Valdez was established (1898) as a debarkation point for those seeking a route to the Yukon gold fields that would obviate the necessity of paying duty to Canada. Following a devastating earthquake and tidal wave in 1964, the city was rebuilt at a location 5 mi (8 km) west of the old site. Valdez is the southern terminus of the trans-Alaskan oil pipeline, built in the 1970s, that originates in Prudhoe Bay . Its port facilities were greatly enlarged in the mid-1970s. On Mar. 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit a reef near Valdez and spilled 11 million gallons of oil into Prince William Sound. Clean-up efforts ensued, but much wildlife was killed or e ndangered as a result of the environmental disaster. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Starbuck’s Coffee IMC Media Plan - 1375 Words

Starbuck's Coffee IMC Media Plan (Essay Sample) Content: Starbuck's Coffee IMC Media Plan Author's Name Institutional Affiliation Starbuck's Coffee IMC Media Plan Introduction An Integrated Marketing Communication is a tool used by business owners in achieving the objectives of marketing campaigns such as advertising. IMCs use different methods of promotion, all meant to reinforce each other. They use both non-traditional and traditional marketing channels to pass the intended information. One way through which marketing communication is achieved is by formulation of a marketing plan. This analysis is a media plan for Starbucks Coffee which is a special beverage shop offering both hot and cold drinks, and a timeline through which the media plan will get executed in 2016. Media Strategy Starbucks will employ traditional media such as television, newspapers, and magazines. One of the target audiences is business people. They often use traditional media for businessnews; therefore, this is a platform through which they can get reached easily. There is also the adult customer group that is made up of people aged between 25 and 40 years. According to statistics, this population has been known to purchase many newspapers and magazines. This group has a clientele base with lots of professionals, characterized as having a relatively high income and who prefer an urban form of lifestyle. For example, Starbucks Coffee can include an ad in the traditional media that associates its coffee to certain business or careers in its commercials. Delivering this consistent info about Starbucks Coffee will establish its brand in the minds of the potential customers and consumers. Sales Promotion Sales promotion includes the use of several communication activities. The main aim is to provide incentives or value added to the consumers or the target clientele. One of the goals that Starbucks coffee has is to provide its clientele with a memory that will make them come back again. The sales promotion to be used should aid in conserving Starbuck's Coffee customers and attract more clients. The most reliable sales promotion devices will be coupons, points of purchase and price cuts. Customers will receive coupons that will guarantee them reduced prices once they purchase coffee for the second time at a Starbuck Coffee outlet. This move will ensure that the clientele comes back for more. Points of purchase include music CDs, books, packaged goods and gift items. This method is intended to reach the highest audience. Points of sales will present Starbucks Coffee in an appealing manner to its clients making a product superior to that of its competitor. Besides, a price cut during spe cific days shall make coffee consumers rethink their purchasing choices. The main aim of these sales promotions is to influence the clientele purchasing decisions to enable Starbucks Coffee to attain its short-term goals by boosting the volume of sales. Direct Marketing Direct marketing will give Starbucks Coffee a chance to target a certain clientele. For Starbucks' portion direct marketing, part of integrated marketing communication tool will entail direct social media tags, direct mails, emails, postcards, catalogs and telemarketing. One of the target clientele is the high ended singles who are easy to capture through direct marketing. They have been known to be a force that drives other clientele. The direct market objectives are as follows: to utilize the postcards to increase Starbucks Coffee sales by onepercent over the next months, and to utilize direct emails to reach six percent of the target market a minimum of six times over the next six months. Telemarketing and emails will be sent to specific clients to entice them to buy coffee at Starbucks Coffee. It will enable Starbucks Coffee to attain its long-term objectives of creating customer awareness of its existence, what is a means of product development. Digital/ Social/ Ambient Media The media landscape is constantly changing calling for a change in the market communication tools that firms use. As a marketing tool, Starbuck Coffee will use social platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, WhatSapp, and Instagram. From the SWOT analysis, a strength that Starbucks Coffee has is an established brand. It is easier for it to gain many followers on the online platform through the social media. Its objective will be to utilize the social media tags to increase its post reach by two percent over the next six months. Young adults aged between 18 and 24 years have been reported to account for 40% of Starbucks clientele. Starbuck Coffee shall utilize its already branded product to establish its online base. For example, it can post images of its attractive cafeterias and stores, a strategy to attract more of the audience who are known to socialize at such scenes. Besides, the retail stores have Wi-Fi access and good music to attract and keep the loyalty of the young adults. With such free offered products, many of them will decide to have coffee at Starbucks since free Wi-Fi grants them as a chance to further socialize in the social media. Evaluation It is crucial for any entity to have a measure of the promotional methods used. In this case, Starbucks Coffee will have to evaluate each of the outlined communication plans. Traditional media are evaluated through the use of ratings. The higher level of the ratings an advert shows that it impacts more on the intended clientele. Therefore, Starbuck Coffee will have to check the ratings it gets from the traditional media. Sales promotions are also evaluated by determining sales differences. Starbucks Coffee should use its sales records for non-promotional days and use them as the basis of comparison with the promotional days. The differences will determine the effect of sales promotion. Direct marketing is one of the difficult promotional methods to evaluate. This method is used through the use information tracking systems. Information is tracked by collecting responses from the target market and comparing it to the number of targets made. Higher response means that the method is effectively working. The social media are evaluated using varieties of ways depending on the various platforms used. However, a common metric is by the number of followers or likes that a tag gets on social media. If Starbuck Coffee has many likes and followers, then its products and services are highly appreciated, and low numbers of followers or likes imply that the clientele is doubtful of its products and services. Conclusion Integrated marketing communication is used to ensure that the market cam...

The Problems Of Social Engineering - 1343 Words

Another way in which social engineering can take place is to have details of the clients and then access the system of Amazon posing as clients. One of the requirements in order to have access to customer information. Amazon have not been serious in screening customers and will not be able to know if the customers are who they say they are in real life. It is hard to have an understanding of the data and information about the data and the issues that are associated with the data. Another social engineering technique that can be used is the posing of an attacker/hacker as a publisher. A hacker/attacker will pose as an author through accessing and publisher information. After accessing this information, they will be able to pose as authors†¦show more content†¦It is important to have clients and customers update their personal information most of the time. By having clients change their personal information, they will be able to protect the data that they have in their ways of living. Another way of thwarting social engineering is to avoid having the customers reveal how they infrastructure of the company has been done and structured. It is through concealing the way the customers get to the system. There is also a need to have crushing of information that will reveal the data and information of the clients in the way they will have access the data and information on the website of the company. One of the measures that can be done in order to have secure and data protections is to destroy customer’s information that are no longer used. It is important to have ways in which the data will be protected and enhanced in terms of protection. The data that is found in the data environment is to have data protection so that the data will be protected in the end. Another countermeasure that should be done is to have regular updates on their data infrastructure. This is one of the ways in which the holes and security lapses will be assured in the end. It is important to have ways in which the data will be protected and enhanced in the end so that there will be secure ways in which they will be accessed and enhanced in the end. Another countermeasure is to ensure that there is to have surprise inspections of the profiles of the

Thomas Paine Common Sense Analysis - 772 Words

Paine’s Common Sense â€Å"My country is the world, and my religion is to do good† (Thomas Paine common sense). Thomas Paine was an English-American political activist and philosopher who changed the world through his words and writing. In Common Sense, distributed in January 1776, the pamphlets sold in the thousands and was extremely persuasive. It transformed a neighborhood uprising into a War of Independence and Thomas Paine was given the title Father of the American Revolution. He challenged great minds to advocate the idea of freedom of conscience. Thomas Paines history extraordinarily affected individuals during his own time and furthermore propelled numerous scholars. A few of Thomas Paine achievements were â€Å"The age of Reason† and†¦show more content†¦If Paine would have simply rewritten and altered this sentence to say, All plans and proposals are superseded. The reader perhaps would not think any more than â€Å"the orders were useless.† Thomas Paine uses rheto rical question to persuade and influence his audience. In these phrase, Paine uses rhetorical question to make his point clear and to make his audience think about his questions. â€Å"But admitting, that we were all of English descent, what does it amount to? Nothing.† (Common sense). Common sense was composed as a way to energize American independence. He is endeavoring to motivate his audience members and readers to answer these questions for themselves. According to law.gmu.edu an online PDF of common sense, In the beginning of page 91Thomas Paine asks questions rapidly, â€Å"I ask, hath your house been burnt? Hath your property been destroyed before your face? Are your wife and children destitute of a bed to lie on, or bread to live on?† (Thomas Paine). One question after another Paine tries to make his reader think for themselves and influences his audience to speak and repeal against Britain. In doing this the American Revolution was able to start. According t o an eBook found in Galileo (1776) â€Å"Thoughts on the Present State of American Affairs*IN the following pages I offer nothing more than simple facts, plain arguments, andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Common Sense By Thomas Paine826 Words   |  4 PagesCommon Sense by Thomas Paine Analysis Initial Reaction The first sentence of the introduction, â€Å"a long habit of not thinking a thing wrong, gives it a superficial appearance of being right,† (Paine, 1776) is instantly captivating to me by the Paine’s acknowledgement that by not standing up to wrong and injustices when you see or experience it is the same as giving the injustice your seal of approval for the wrongs being done. The very fact that Pain is admittingly not fan of government but goes onRead MoreThomas Paine Common Sense Analysis1052 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Declaration of Independence† and Thomas Paine’s â€Å"Common Sense.† Basically, the two documents echo principles stated in John Locke’s â€Å"Second Treatise of Government,† and share a style of expressing their feelings on national issues; the authors examine and give reasons for colonial problems with the government and offer a solution. The tone and audience might vary, but the overall message is similar in its principles, showing the impact Locke and Paine had on such a vital document in our historyRead MoreThomas Paine Common Sense Analysis1119 Words   |  5 Pagesto find moral and political reasons to justify revolution. In the pamphlet, Common Sense, Frenchman Thomas Paine brought forth such reason using rhetorical elements such as figurative language, rhetorical questions, and assertions in order to boost the morale of the colonists and support the Americans in their revolution against Britain. Proving that the liberties of the common people are something worth fighting for, Paine uses relatable figurative language in order to provide a more personal connectionRead MoreAnalysis Of Common Sense By Thomas Paine1699 Words   |  7 PagesIn his 1776 pamphlet, Common Sense, Thomas Paine wrote, â€Å"Not one third of the inhabitants, even of this province, are of English descent. Wherefore I reprobate the phrase of parent or mother country applied to England only, as being false, selfish, narrow and ungenerous† (Paine, 23-24). After decades of civil and religious persecution in Europe, Puritans among others fled to New England in search of a land where they could live without fear. This influx of individuals that arrived in the coloniesRead MoreAnalysis Of Common Sense By Thomas Paine1026 Words   |  5 Pagesbefore, when there was no existing monarchy, putting all people at an equal position in society, with an amount of little to no violence. Since in paragraph three P aine mentions how during the times of when there was no monarchy, there was no war. He includes that the pride of kings â€Å"...throws mankind into confusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Common Sense by Thomas Paine). Which is true, because of the title and placement of being King does develop quite a large ego, that affects their judgement and, actions, spreading confusionRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Common Sense By Thomas Paine1474 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, books have shaped the world. Some books, such as the Bible, have influenced Christians. The book Common Sense by Thomas Paine encouraged Americans to join the fight against the British. Other books do more than simply encourage; they set forth a new philosophy. The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith claims to promote a philosophy which one day would provide the foundation for modern economics. One author wrote two books that would forever change the course of history. These booksRead MoreAnalysis of Thomas Paine ´s Pamphl et, Common Sense846 Words   |  3 PagesCommon Sense Throughout time, events such as wars and assassinations have occurred that people today can describe as â€Å"a turning point in history†. However, not all turning points in history have to be wars, assassinations, etc. In fact, perhaps everybody acknowledges that Thomas Paine’s pamphlet Common Sense is a â€Å"turning point in history† because it inspired the United States Revolutionary War. Common Sense, a pamphlet, can be credited as to inciting the American Colonies to revolt against GreatRead MorePrimary Source Analysis Common Sense Essays796 Words   |  4 Pages Primary Source Analysis Thomas Paine Common Sense Context: In result of The Seven Years’ War Britain controlled American trade and territory. In order to pay for the expenses of the war several taxation acts and military presence were implemented such as the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Currency Act, Quartering Act and the presence of British troops at the colonies. Consequently, Americans who thought these actions violated their political and constitutional liberties opposed these policies withRead MoreCommon Sense Essay663 Words   |  3 PagesCommon Sense The persuasion towards independence represented through the pamphlet Common Sense, is largely effective. The work portrays the unjust treatment received by the colonies from the mother country, England. Thomas Paine begins with the creation of government, as lived by the colonist, and progresses to the wrongful acts administered by Parliament and the King of England. Finally, Thomas Paine gives confidence to the unity of the colonies, and details a forceful removal of EnglishRead MorePolitical Philosophy and Paine Essay example1568 Words   |  7 PagesJesus Chaveste HIST 1301 Dr. Olivares September 7, 2013 Thomas Paine Questions 1. Why do you think Thomas Paine writes Common Sense anonymously? How does he think his work will be remembered? Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense anonymously because the ideas he used in writing the book were contradicting the government at that time. If the government knew that he wrote it then they will take action against him to punish him. He probably thought that his work would remain as something memorable

Ethical Responsibilities Of The Media Essay - 1482 Words

The role of the media is to formally update the people about what is happening in the world around them. This means that it should give the audience an objective view of what is occurring without violating any human rights or offending viewers. Since there are no certain limitations put on broadcasting violent material, some Arab media channels like Al-Jazeera started excelling in giving the viewer a complete picture about what is occurring in warring nations. From broadcasting the casualties on the battlefield to airing hostage torture videos, Al-Jazeera and other news channels are airing more graphic footage, and this has many negative effects on the viewing public. Terrorists make use of this extra publicity that these networks give†¦show more content†¦At least on the internet viewers have the choice of whether or not watch beheading videos by downloading them, but now the media is depriving the audience of that choice by airing brutal murder videos on television. Althou gh some viewers may not wish to watch such gruesome footage, it is still hard to ignore it when it is being displayed before their eyes. The accessibility to the hostage torture films may encourage terrorists to use the media in their favor, by capturing and killing more hostages in order to film the executions, and strike fear into the viewers hearts. A good example of the terrorists exploiting the media would be the hostage situation in Beslan, where the Chechens broke into a school there and took one thousand and two hundred people as hostages. These terrorists shot their own videos inside the school and were expecting full coverage from the media which they eventually did get (CBS). Another recent example would be the Ken Bigley case, in which the media helped the terrorists to turn the gruesome footage into real television drama. People may argue that this footage keeps us informed and aware of our enemys tactics, but what do we learn about our enemies by watching these staged executions? We still cannot know where the hostage is, or how to reach him by watching a masked man torturing an innocent person in an unknown location.Show MoreRelatedEthical Responsibilities of the Media1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe role of the media is to formally update the people about what is happening in the world around them. This means that it should give the audience an objective view of what is occurring without violating any human rights or offending viewers. Since there are no certain limitations put on broadcasting violent material, some Arab media channels like Al-Jazeera started excelling in giving the viewer a complete picture about what is occurring in warring nations. From broadcasting the casualties onRead MoreLegal And Ethical Issues Of The Media1430 Words   |  6 PagesThe media is a large, diverse means of mass communication. Many legal and ethical concerns arise when representing specific cultural demographics and the complex nature in which they exist. Wh en representing indigenous Australians in the media, a deep understanding of cultural practices, beliefs, consent and privacy are critical in producing content that is both legally and ethically appropriate. Communication practitioners hold a specific responsibility to adopt legal and ethical frameworks thatRead MoreEthical And Ethical Implications Of Unethical Behavior889 Words   |  4 Pagessurprising that in our media the level of unethical behaviors has become part or parcel of everyday lives. While the current population has resounding aired their frustrations via Gallop poll about the decline in public confidence in our various media forums, little has been done to improve the ethics in human communication. Many media forums have upheld the status quo that ratings matters over ethics. We have seen over and over that our contemporary ethical landscape is plagued with ethical widespread failureRead MoreThe Media and Its Responsibilities Essays1688 Words   |  7 Pagesliberti es includes duties and responsibilities. The media is an integral part of everyday life and has become a leading player and influence of our society and it have an outcome on our nations’ future, viewpoint, and the globe’s view of us. The media are responsible for mainstream America ideals and the familiarity of the image based on the impact from the media. The media are fundamental of social influence and political decisions. The media have turned the average personRead MoreThe Role Of Conventional Journalism And Citizen Journalism850 Words   |  4 Pagesincluding firefighters, left hundreds more injured or homeless, and caused a large devastation in the city’ (BBC, 2015a). Between the two waves of blasts, many victims from the inside were reporting their situations to the outside in Weibo and Wechat. The media coverage of this man-made disaster has allowed the globe to watch the event simultaneously. This event should be categorized into the class of ‘Ecstatic News’, which means the extraordinary events that unfold through live footage, images and narrativesRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Burned And Shattered Glass1730 Words   |  7 Pages Critical Analysis of Shattered Glass Nicholas M. Anthony III Media Ethics 404-02 October 21, 2015 Lynn Waltz Critical Analysis of Banished and Shattered Glass Ethics are the rules of conduct recognized in a particular class of human actions or a particular group or culture. They are principles and values that shape human activity, especially in regard to specific disciplines. (n.d.) In the field of journalism and communications, there is no difference. EthicsRead MoreSocial Responsibility And The Free Enterprise System1186 Words   |  5 Pages Social Responsibility is what we practice here in America, or at least what we attempt to practice. Social Responsibility works by providing for private ownership of mass media in trade for responsible use of that media. In some countries, people do not have the freedom of speech rights like we do. We have a free market place of ideas that coincides with capitalism and the free-enterprise system. It is tied to a form of government that is based on the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. The FirstRead MoreEthical and Socially Responsive Business1082 Words   |  5 PagesEthical and Socially Responsive Business Ethics and social responsibility are important areas within Chipotle Mexican Grill’s business. Both areas have an interactive relationship that plays a role in building profitable businesses as well as a well-rounded community. Ethics refer to sets of beliefs about right and wrong; and business ethics involve the application of these issues in the workplace. The universal ethical standards, which involve trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairnessRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Health Care1003 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction The use of social media is increasing rapidly in health care, to help people build stronger and successful patient relationships. Social media helps to educate, support and communicate with patient. Health care professionals have many social media tools which are easily accessible including Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Flickr. These tools allow health care professionals to enhance patient care and information sharing. It supports and helps the health care system, but there is potentialRead More Business Ethics Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pagesethics, also known as â€Å"moral philosophy†, is a branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality. Concepts such as good and bad, noble, right and wrong, justice and virtue. To business, ethics is a tool to examine principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. Therefore, business ethics can be both a normative and a descriptive discipline. Ethics is a part of the larger social ethics, and also always affect business development. In other words, business ethics

Essay On Canadian War Effort - 949 Words

Canadas contribution on the home front played a significant role in the war effort. The federal government transformed the Canadian lifestyle by introducing rationing which limited the quantity and type of goods we consumed. On September 3, 1939, Prime Minister Mackenzie King’s government established the Wartime Prices and Trade Board (WPTB) which introduced rationing and controlled prices to avoid inflation. Every Canadian was issued a ration card to buy essentials such as sugar, meat, gasoline etc. Even though the cards restricted the number of goods it ensured the limit was enough to fulfill an individuals need. Special permits were required to purchase cars, appliances, and other resource consuming. Overall, rationing was a†¦show more content†¦The social acceptance of women in the workforce disappeared and they were back in their homes performing the traditional roles of women ex-cooking and cleaning. Additionally, they lost their economic independence and once again had to rely on men for money. Fortunately, some brave women resisted social norms and continued to work. Through their, efforts a national womens rights movement was started that would completely change the economic and social status over the Air Battle of Britain The battle of Britain was the first major battle of world war 2. The purpose of this attack was to get Britain to bomb Britain till they surrender so they can directly invade Britain. It began in september 1940 when the German Luftwaffe bombarding major British cities in a blitz of air attacks. British citizens had to spend their night in underground bomb shelters. Eighty Canadian pilots join the royal air force in order to prevent German attacks. The pilots faced a dangerous task and in the first few weeks, 16 Canadian pilots were killed. However, as time went on there skills and success rates improved. The battle continued until may 1941 and with the help Canadian pilots, 3000 enemy aircraft were shot down. Canada’s contribution was an essential cause of the victory. Battle of Atlantic The battle of Atlantic was one of the longest battles of theShow MoreRelatedCanadian Women and the Second World War1173 Words   |  5 PagesCanada Women and the Second World War The changing roles of women throughout history has been drastic, and none more so than the period during and after World War II. The irrevocable changes that occurred once the war started and women went to work were unprecedented. In the end, the changing role of Canada’s women during the War was the beginning of a chain reaction of events that have forever changed the Canadian workplace and also that of men’s archaic views on the capabilities of womenRead MoreAssess the Role of Canada in the First World War.1500 Words   |  6 PagesAssess the role of Canada in the First World War. When people look back and remember the First World War, they often remember the assassination of Franz-Ferdinand, the sinking of the Lusitania, or the Zimmerman telegram. Not often do they recall the role that Canada played in the war. However, Canadians were a significant factor of the Allies’ success. Although Canada only possessed two Navy warships at the time and was known for being a peaceful country, she supplied over 60,000,000 shells toRead MoreMilitary Services Act942 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Essay Title: Military Services Act In 1917 during WW1, the Canadian government justified in enacting the Military Services Act to register and conscript men for war. Almost all French Canadians opposed conscription because they felt they had no loyalty to France and Britain. Other Canadians were at ease with the conscription as they supported the British Empire. The farmers, union heads, and pacifists were all opposed of the conscription like the French Canadians. I believe the Military ServicesRead MoreCanada s Prosperity And Success1082 Words   |  5 Pages In this essay, I will be discussing how the Statute of Westminster, which was a British law that stated Canada’s new political powers (Hillmer, Norman. Statute of Westminster. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Web. 27 Apr. 2015); the Bank of Canada, which solidified Canada’s economy during the Great Depression (The Bank s History. - Bank of Canada. Web. 27 Apr. 2015); and WWII, and how it changed Canada into a key part in the future. (C.P. Stacey. Secon d World War (WWII). The Canadian EncyclopediaRead MorePrisoners of War805 Words   |  4 PagesNo one goes to war thinking they will be the one captured and tortured by the enemy. As Canadian troops sailed to Europe to join in the fighting of World War Two, they more likely had nightmares about dying tragically, or suffering for days. No one really worried about being captured because war was associated with fighting, guns, winning and losing. A rude awakening came to those captured and taken to the many different concentration camps. Canadian POWs endured very unfortunate experiences inRead MoreThe Internet And Its Effects On The Environment1538 Words   |  7 Pagestechnology. Canada along with the other developed countries has increasingly relying on internet services and information systems for multiple purposes. In other words, the internet has become a part of the day-to-day lives of Canadians with the figure shows that 87 per cent of Canadian households are connected to the internet nowadays. Unfortunately, all of the reliance on the internet might be detrimental due to the vulnerability that exists in this virtual world. This susceptibility could be exploitedRead MoreThe Differences Between The French And The English1578 Words   |  7 PagesMoments Essay Amisha Jagpal Mr.Woodley CHC2D1-22 24 May 2016 Since 1914, animosity has continued between the two largest ethnic groups in Canada, the French and the English. The two parties have repeatedly tried to undermine each other by refuting on the likes of religion, culture, and language. The Conscription Crisis of World War One separated the English and French as men were forced to fight. This brought in resentment towards the Anglophones as the French had to battle a war that wasRead MoreThe Effects Of The Guatemalan Genocide Of A Minority Group1449 Words   |  6 PagesReflective Essay Peace Studies Rough Draft I will be writing about the effects of the Guatemalan genocide of a minority group called the mayans that resulted in the death and displacement of thousands, and how mining companies took advantage of this violence. I will also analyze civil wars in general and how even without war there is no peace in Guatemala. The extracurricular activity I attended for this report on peace studies was Dr. Catherine Nolin’s public lecture called â€Å"Transnational RupturesRead More The Great Depression of the 1930s in Canada1305 Words   |  6 Pagesbooklet The Great Depression of the 1930s in Canada , Michiel Horn gives an intellectual dissection of the events that occurred during the Great Depression. Michiel Horns approach leaves the reader with a foul taste for the Dirty Thirties. This essay will summarize Michiel Horns key points as well as discuss the ability of Michiel Horn to report his findings. Michiel Horn is currently the Chairman of the History Department at York University. His interests in the Great Depression revolveRead MoreCanadian Attitudes Towards the Afghanistan War976 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Over the past century, Canadian attitudes towards the use of force and the exercise of military power in support of national aims have fundamentally shifted†. This is a quote written by Major Todd Strickland in his article, titled, â€Å"From the Boers to the Taliban: How Canadians Attitudes towards War Have Changed†. This article reviews Canada’s history within the wars and also Canadian’s thoughts on war. The Afghan war began in 2001 and is still ongoing today. The war began due to the terrorist attacks

The Dishonesty of Honest People Free Essays

Focus on two mechanisms that people employ to maintain their positive self-concept: digitization and attention to standards. 2. Overview of Theory and Hypothesis Theory†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Dishonesty of Honest People or any similar topic only for you Order Now The theory of self-concept maintenance suggests that people typically act dishonestly and achieve external benefits from said acts, but only to the extent that their behavior stills allows them to maintain a positive view of themselves in terms of being honest. Hypothesis: The stuffs main hypothesis stems from the theory of self- concept maintenance (explained above). People facing this motivational dilemma – gaining from cheating vs.. Maintaining a positive self-concept as honest individuals – tend to solve it adaptively by finding a balance between he two motivating forces. They do so in order to acquire some financial benefit from behaving dishonestly while still maintaining their positive self- concept. 1 . The band of acceptable dishonesty is limited by internal reward considerations. 2. The size of this band depends on one’s ability to categorize actions as something other than dishonest, as well as the attention that they pay to their standards for honest y at the time of the dishonest act. Although there may be many ways to find such a compromise, the study focuses on two particular means; categorization and attention to standards. Categorization: The study explains, ‘When this mechanism is activated, people can categorize their actions in more compatible terms, find rationalizations for their actions, and ultimately avoid triggering any negative self-signals that might affect their self-concept, which will therefore not get updated†. Two important aspects of categorization are its relative ease and its limit. The exact ease/difficult of an act is typically defined by its context. The study uses the following example – â€Å"Intuition suggests that it is easier to steal a OIC pencil from a friend than to teal OIC out of this friend’s wallet to buy a pencil, because the former scenario offers more possibilities to categorize the action in terms that are compatible with friendship (he took a pencil from me once; this is what friends do). † It also suggests that one’s ability to categorize acts has a limit beyond which people can no longer deny their obvious wrongdoings. The study seeks to define said threshold. Attention to Standards: When people are mindful Of their own moral standards any dishonest action is more likely to be reflected in their self- concept (they will update their self-concept as a consequence of their actions), which in turn will cause them to adhere to a stricter definition of an honest and a dishonest act. However, when individuals are not mindful of their own moral standards their actions are not measured relative to them, and therefore their self-concept is less likely to be updated, and their behavior is likely to diverge from their standards. Thus, the attention to standards mechanism predicts that in cases in which ones moral standards are more accessible, people will have to confront the meaning of their actions more readily and therefore be more honest. SUMMARY PHI: Dishonesty will increase as individuals pay less attention to their own standards for honesty. PH: Dishonesty will increase when individuals face situations that are more easily categorized in honesty-compatible terms. PH: Given the opportunity to be dishonest, individuals will be dishonest up to a level that does not force them to update their self-concept. . Overview of Methodology Experiment 1: Moral Reminder Two hundred twenty-nine students participated in this experiment, which consisted of a two-task paradigm as part of a broader experimental session with multiple, unrelated paper-and-pencil tasks that appeared together in a toilet. 1 . In the first task, respondents were asked to either write down the names of 10 books they had read in high school (n o moral reminder) or the Ten Commandments (moral reminder). They had two minutes to complete this task. . In the second task each student received two sheets of paper: a test sheet and an answer sheet. The test sheet consisted of 20 matrices. Participants had four minutes in which to find two numbers per matrix that added up to 10. Experiment 2: Honor Code Two hundred seven students participated in this experiment. Two factors between participants were manipulated: the amount earned per correctly loved matrix (ICC and $2) and the attention to standards (control, recycle, recycle+honor code). 1. The control and recycle conditions were identical to those in the previous experiment, except this time, the experimenter paid each participant, and the task lasted five minutes. 2. The recycle+honor code condition was similar to the recycle condition except that respondents were asked to sign a statement appearing at the top of the test sheet that read: â€Å"l understand that this short survey falls under Mitt’s [Yale’s] honor system†; below the statement, participants printed and signed their names. Thus, the nor code statement appeared on the same sheet as the matrices, and this sheet was recycled before participants submitted their answer sheets. Experiment 3: Token Exchange Four hundred fifty students participated in this experiment. Participants had five minutes to complete this task and were promised SOC for each correctly solved matrix. Three be;en-subjects conditions were used: the control and recycle conditions that we used in Experiment 2, and a recycle+token condition. The latter condition was similar to the recycle condition, except that participants knew that each correctly solved matrix would earn them 1 ken, which they would exchange for ICC a few seconds later. When the five minutes ended, participants in the recycle+token condition recycled their test sheet and submitted only their answer sheet to an experimenter, who gave them the corresponding number of tokens. Participants then went to a second experimenter, who exchanged the tokens for money (this experimenter also paid the participants in the control and recycle conditions). Experiment 4: Four-Task Paradigm Forty-four students participated in this experiment, which consisted of a four- task paradigm-?a matrix task, a personality test, a prediction task, and a second matrix task. 1 . Matrix 1: The same control and recycle conditions Of the matrix task from Experiment 2 were repeated. Participants randomly assigned to either of these two conditions had five minutes to complete the task and received SOC per correctly solved matrix. The only difference from Experiment 2 was that all participants (notes those in the recycle condition) were asked to report how many matrices they had solved correctly. Participants in the control condition submitted both the test and the answer sheets to the experimenter, who verified their answers. Those in the recycle notation recycle their test and just handed in their answers. 2. Personality Test: 10-item tests were handed out, and embedded in these tests was two questions related to self-definition as it relates to honesty. One question asked how honest a person they considered themselves to be on a scale from O (not at all) to 100 (very). The other question asked participants how they thought of themselves at the time of the survey in contrast to the day before in terms of being a moral person on a scale from -5 (much worse) to 5 (much better). 3. Prediction Task: Participants would next participate in a second vive-minute matrix task. Before taking part in it their task was to predict how many matrices they would be able to solve and indicate how confident they were with their predictions on a scale from 0 (not at all) to 100 (very). Before making these predictions, it was made clear to participants that the next matrix task left no room to over-claim as the experimenter would check the results. Furthermore, participants were informed that this second test would consist of a different set of matrices, and the payment would depend on both the accuracy of their prediction and their performance. If their prediction was 00% accurate, they would earn ICC per correctly solved matrix, but for each matrix they solved more or less than what they predicted, their payment per matrix would be reduced by C. The experimenter emphasized that this payment scheme meant that it was in their best interests to be as accurate as possible in their predictions and to solve as many matrices as they could. 4. Matrix 2: The final task was the matrix task (as in the control condition) with a different set of numbers. The entire experiment thus represented a two- condition, between-subjects design, differing only in the first matrix task possibility to cheat). The three remaining tasks (a personality test, a prediction task, and a second matrix task) were the same for all participants. Experiment 5 One hundred eight students participated in this experiment. Two factors were manipulated between participants: the ability to cheat (control and recycle, as in Experiments 2 and 3) and beliefs about the number of matrices that the average student solves in the time allotted (four matrices, which is the accurate number, or eight matrices which was an exaggeration). As before, the DVD was the number of matrices reported solved. Experiment 6 This experiment entailed multiple, small sessions, in which each participant sat in a private booth (total of 326 participants). The first part of the procedure remained the same for all four conditions, but the second part varied. All participants received a test with 50 multiple-choice, general knowledge questions, had 15 minutes to answer the questions, and were promised OIC for each question they solve correctly. After the 15 minutes, participants received a â€Å"bubble sheet’ onto which to transfer their answers. The manipulation of the four conditions pertained to the type of bubble sheet ND to what participants had to do with it after transferring their answers. 1 Control: Participants received a standard bubble sheet. When they finished transferring their answers, they handed both the test and the bubble sheet to the experimenter who checked their answers, summed the number of correct answers, and paid them. 2. No-recycle (first cheating condition): The bubble sheet had the correct answers pre-marked, which prompted a dilemma for participants when they faced a question they had answered incorrectly on their test sheet; they could be honest and mark the corresponding incorrect ricer on the bubble sheet or be dishonest and mark the correct circle. After participants finished transferring their answers, they summed up the number of their correct answers, wrote that number at the top of the bubble sheet, and handed both the test and the bubble sheet to the experimenter, who paid them according to their self-summed score. In this condition, subjects could cheat with some risk that the experimenter might discover it if she compared the test to the bubble sheet. 3. Recycle (second cheating condition): This condition was similar to the no-recycle condition, with the preference that participants were instructed, after transferring their answers to the pre-marked bubble sheet, to walk to a shredder, shred their original test sheet, and take only the bubble sheet to the experimenter, at which point they would be paid accordingly. Because of the shredding, this condition offered a lower probability of being caught cheating. 4. Recycle+ (third cheating condition): This condition decreased the probability of being caught even further by instructing participants to shred both their test sheet and the bubble sheet, walk over to a large jar with money at the corner of the room, ND take the amount they earned. In addition, by making the payment â€Å"self; service†, the recycle+ condition eliminated any interactions with the experimenter, thereby decreasing social concerns with cheating. 4. Main Findings 1. Given the opportunity, people will engage in dishonest behaviors. 2. Increasing attention to internal honesty standards decreases the tendency for dishonesty. . Allowing more flexible categorization increases the tendency for dishonesty. 4. The magnitude of dishonesty is largely insensitive to either the expected external benefits or costs associated with dishonest acts. 5. People know that their actions are dishonest but do not update their self- concepts. 5. Application Economics: â€Å"The theory w e propose can in principle be incorporated into economic models. Some formalization related to our theory appears in recent economic theories of utility minimization based on models of self-signaling (Abdomen and Propel 2001 ) and identity (Bnabob and Triple 2004, 2006). These recent approaches convey a slowly spreading conviction among economists that to study moral and social norms, altruism, reciprocity, or antisocial behavior, we must understand the underlying psychological titivation that vary endogenously with the environment. These models can be adopted to account for self-concept maintenance by incorporating categorization and attention: increasing attention to personal standards for honesty (meta-utility function and salience parameter s 1, respectively) and flexibility for categorization (interpretation function and probability 1-0, respectively). The data presented herein offer further guidance on the development of such models. In our minds, the interplay between these formal models and the empirical evidence we provide represents a fruitful and promising research direction. Psychology: â€Å"Some insights regarding the functional from in which the external and internal rewards work together emerge from the data, and these findings also could provide useful paths for further investigations in both economics and psychology. For example, the results in Experiment 6 showed that increasing the level of external costs (probability of being caught) did not decrease the level of dishonesty. This finding raises the possibility of a relationship that appears like a step function in which dishonesty up to a certain level is trivial, but beyond that threshold, it takes on a more serious, ND costly, meaning. † 6. Limitations of Research 1 . Arguably, at some point at which the external rewards become very high, they should tempt the person sufficiently to prevail (because the reward is much larger than the internal costs), such that ultimately behavior would be largely influenced by external rewards. 2. Another important applied speculation involves the medium experiment. As society moves away from cash, and electronic exchanges become more prevalent, mediums are rapidly increasing in the economy. Again, if we take the results at face value, we should pay particular attention to dishonesty in hose new mediums (e. G. , backdating stocks), because they provide opportunities for under-the-radar dishonesty. Another interesting observation is that the medium experiment did not only allow people to cheat more, but it also increased the level of maximal cheating. In the medium experiment we observed 24 participants who cheated maximally, which indicated that the tokens not only allowed people to elevate their acceptable magnitude of dishonesty but also liberated some participants from the shackles of their morality altogether. â€Å"When we consider the applied implications of these results, we must emphasize that our findings stem from experiments not with criminals but with students at elite universities, people who likely will play important roles in the advancement of this country and who seem a lot like us and others we know. The prevalence of dishonesty among these people and the finding that on an individual level, the magnitude of dishonesty was typically somewhat honest rather than completely dishonest suggests that we have tapped into what common, everyday behavior is about. As Gladstone and Chin (1993) conclude, people seem to be moral relativists in their everyday lives. How to cite The Dishonesty of Honest People, Papers