Beauty Is A Beauty And Beautiful Thing - 1251 Words

Beauty is a Beast to Obtain A human body is considered a sacred and beautiful thing. It’s widely complex, with millions of different aspects and parts that make humanity amazingly different than other species in the world. However, the social construction of feminine beauty brings about issues of what is truly beautiful. Most countries have a different viewpoint, such as being bare chested or having a stretched neck. In America, female beauty is something that many argue over, but there is a clear consensus on some things: women should be skinny, but not too thin; blonde, but not bleach-blonde; fit, but not masculine; tan, but not orange; and of course, the classic big boobs, big ass, but an absolutely tiny waist. A majority of these are completely unnatural and require a great deal of work, or even surgery, to even come close to acquiring. In â€Å"The Body Beautiful† by Rosalind Coward, the reality of expectations on beauty is clearly and concisely laid out, makin g clear that our construction of beauty is very flawed. An interesting point Coward brings up is the â€Å"valuation of immaturity†. This is a concept that focuses on making the female body more sexually attractive by making it seem prepubescent. The shaving of legs and armpits is one example Coward focuses on, but another factor could also be the quite disgusting craze of the ‘sexy schoolgirl’. Practically every Halloween, one can find a costume in the local Walmart or CVS featuring a low cut blouse and a fewShow MoreRelatedThe Two Theorists Hume And Kent1718 Words   |  7 PagesThe Meaning of Arts Professor Brennan Beauty The two theorists Hume and Kent are basically talking about beauty and what is commonly done in order to enhance beauty. The argument therefore involves two theories, which are talking about the same thing, which is beauty even though they have different thoughts about beauty. They therefore provide a broad and wide definition and also reasons as to why different things are taking place in order to enhance beauty. The two theories are therefore opposingRead MoreDefinition Of Beauty And Beauty884 Words   |  4 PagesDefinition of Beauty There are a lot of things to account for when people think of the word beauty, there is the dictionary definition, physical beauty, inner beauty, and how beauty affects everyone. In today’s society when someone hears the word beauty they most likely think of physical appearance. The word beautiful comes from the word beauty; people use it when they want to describe something that they think is flawless. We all know what beauty is, but we often struggle to find the words toRead More Different Perceptions of Beauty in Nature Essay1558 Words   |  7 PagesDifferent Perceptions of Beauty in Nature Ralph Waldo Emerson derived his philosophy of transcendentalism from ideas of Plato. According to Emerson, one has to have a very sensual relationship with beauty and nature in order to reach this transcendence. However, Emerson’s outlook on beauty as written in Nature is very different from what Plato wrote in The Republic. Interestingly, these differences will result in different methods for attaining the same state of transcendence. I believe, howeverRead MoreBeauty Definition Essay1411 Words   |  6 PagesBeauty The ways people view beauty have changed over time. Beauty has many definitions, and so many people think about it in different ways. Some people like external beauty and some like internal beauty and many people like both together. Beauty controls how people live and think, but it depends on which definition of beauty they choose to believe in. We live in a world that misunderstands the true meanings of pretty much everything. Thousands of years ago people knew and understood what theRead MoreBeauty Definition Essay1156 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is beauty? How do we decide who is attractive and who is not? Society is full of information telling us what is beautiful, but that fact is that information based on? The topic of beauty has been studied, analyzed and controversial for centuries. We all know the feeling you can have when you hear a beautiful song that brings joy to your heart, stands in a field of flowers that excites your eyes, or admires a face that is visually pleas ing. As human beings, we are all drawn to beauty, but whatRead MoreBeauty Definition Essay1126 Words   |  5 PagesIs it possible to tell or call someone beautiful when meeting them for the first time? Most people judge beauty base on a person’s physical appearance. However, true beauty sis base on a person’s personality and a how a person treat someone else. The hardest thing is to describe beauty because everyone has their own views about beauty. In my opinion beauty has more to with the way someone see portray themselves. The expression â€Å"beauty† was first used in the 14th century as â€Å"physical attractivenessRead MoreInner Beauty Essay1034 Words   |  5 Pagesas one girl with beautiful, bouncy hair getting the door held for her but not the next. Or people flocking around the male with a shiny white smile and impeccable taste but not the ‘average joe’ next to you. You may ask why this happens and what is so different about those people than everyone else. What if everyone was seen by what was on the inside of them? Their inner beauty. What exactly is the difference between inner beauty and outer beauty? Inner beauty and outer beauty are very differentRead MoreWhat is Beauty? Essay704 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is beauty? How do we decide who is attractive and who is not? Society is full of information telling us what is beautiful, but what fact is that information based on? The topic of beauty has been studied, analyzed and controversial for centuries. We all know th e feeling you can have when you hear a beautiful song that brings joy to your heart, stand in a field of flowers that excites your eyes, or admire a face that is visually pleasing. As human beings, we are all drawn to beauty, but whatRead MoreThe Samurais Garden and The Fault in Our Stars Essay1051 Words   |  5 PagesWhen it comes to beauty, many people don’t understand what it means. Others might have an idea. What beauty really means that it is not about what someone looks like on the outside, it is what is on the inside. Someone could look less attractive than others, but have such a beautiful personality that it really does not matter what they look like. It goes the same for if people are beautiful on the outside then they definitely won’t be beautiful on the inside. Then, there are some people that areRead MoreBeauty Is in the Eyes of the Beholder1068 Words   |  5 Pages2012 Beauty is in the Eyes of the Beholder When you hear the word beautiful, what do you think of? Do you think of a blue sky, a flower, a rainbow? When it comes to the beauty of people, many people have different outlooks. Having true inner and outer beauty is what every women dream about. We are surprised when a women has both inner and outer beauty since we generally separate the category by stating if a women is beautiful on the outside, she will most likely not be as beautiful on the inside

Informative Presentation On Health Safety And Environmental

Informative Presentation Outline Template General Purpose: To inform college junior and senior level business graduates on how to make an informed career decision. Specific Purpose: As a result of this presentation, my audience will be introduced to two promising career paths that can yield job security and success. A career in Health Safety and Environmental (HSE) Management and or Entrepreneurship, can be a rewarding career decision. After this presentation students will be able to assess the risk involved in both career path, the incentives of choosing one or the other and qualifications needed to boost success in each field. I. Introduction A. Attention/need step: How hard is it to make a life changing decisions? Those decisions that affects your education, the career paths you choose and whether or not you become successful. Founder of Quintessential Careers and present CEO of EmpoweringSites.com, Doctor Randall S Hansen stated in a recent article, that majority of college students struggle to select a major and stick with it (Hanson, 2016). If you believe this is the hardest decision there is to make about your future, how about the decision you have to make about your career? Is there anyone out there in the audience that can stand and confidently say that they are sure that the career they have chosen will yield precisely what they anticipate? B. Professional greeting: Welcome to the Career in Business Online Showcase sponsored by Florida Atlantic University’sShow MoreRelatedBenefits And Drawbacks Of Nonrenewable Resources2066 Words   |  9 Pageseffect of coal is pollution, especially air pollution. Coal happens to release a lot of carbon dioxide contributing to global warming as well as many environmental concerns, because the bad air can cause mutations and health concerns in the human population. Furthermore, there are many safety concerns pertaining to the mining techniques. The safety of the workers in the mines would be put at risk because of the potential hazard of mine roofs collapsing in. All in all, even though coal is useful inRead MoreThe United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation: Adapting to the Globalization of Atomic Energy1432 Words   |  6 Pagesatomic radiation that were not known for sure. Due to the 1945 detonations over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as well as the re sults from a few tests, it was obvious that atomic radiation was harmful for overall human health, but many essential details about these risks were unknown. The environmental ramifications were not quantified and the amount of radiation dispersed into the atmosphere was uncertain. As the Cold War simmered on and as many more nuclear tests were completed, international unease increasedRead More3 dla2482 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ACTIVITY 1 1.1 Explain the individual and environmental factors that impact positively or negatively on learning. The study of adult learning – ANDRAGOGY – originated in Europe in the 1950s and was then pioneered as a theory and model of adult learning from the 1970s by Malcolm knowles, an American practitioner and theorist of adult education. He defined androgogy as: „the art and science of helping adults learnâ€Å" Knowles identified six principles of adult learning, which are: 1.Adults are internallyRead MoreNebosh Diploma Unit D Assignment Guidance3683 Words   |  15 PagesReport Guidance NEBOSH NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY NEBOSH INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMA IN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY Unit D and ID Assignments CONTENTS Introduction 2 Unit D and ID Assignments 3 ïÆ' £ 2011 NEBOSH, Dominus Way, Meridian Business Park, Leicester LE19 1QW tel: 0116 263 4700 fax: 0116 282 4000 email: info@nebosh.org.uk website: www.nebosh.org.uk The National Examination Board in Occupational Safety and Health is a registered charity, number 1010444 T(s):exreps/UnitD/UnitDRead MoreNebosh International Diploma5370 Words   |  22 PagesOccupational Health and Safety (Unit IA) Examiners’ Report NEBOSH INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMA IN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY Unit IA: International management of health and safety JANUARY 2012 CONTENTS Introduction 2 General comments 3 Comments on individual questions 4 ïÆ' £ 2012 NEBOSH, Dominus Way, Meridian Business Park, Leicester LE19 1QW tel: 0116 263 4700 fax: 0116 282 4000 email: info@nebosh.org.uk website: www.nebosh.org.uk The National Examination Board in Occupational Safety and Health is aRead MoreSetting Up Restaurant5019 Words   |  21 Pagesthere are so many elements to plan in this sector (selecting a premises, compiling budgets, sourcing raw materials, menu planning, staffing, interiors fit-out, overhead costs, stock control, point of sale systems, training, marketing, website, health safety, legislation, banking, credit control, security, waste disposal, sanitation, maintenance, employment legislation, book-keeping and finance) At this time, you need to start putting a budget together based on how much capital you have accessRead MoreThe Social Care Act 2014 Essay1935 Words   |  8 PagesAct could be more effective on various levels, but for the false dichotomy lurking, and jeopardising success, within Adult Social Care. With the intention of integrated care, ‘The Better Care Fund’ (DOH, 2014b) united health and social care budgets yet, left ‘unringfenced’, health services have been prioritised at the expense of Adult Social Care. Consequently, substantial funding gaps has forced financial constraints across the board within the Social Care Sector (The King’s Fund, 2015). In turnRead MoreHealth and Safety Culture Essay20465 Words   |  82 PagesSEVERFIELD-REEVE STRUCTURES [pic] Developing Total Ownership A Strategy to Improve Health and Safety Developing a positive Health and Safety Culture Written by Dave Atkinson Contents Page: Section Title Page: 1 Contents Page Page: 2 1: Executive Summary Page: 3 2: Introduction 2a: Business organisation Page: 9 3: Assessment of existing culture 3a: Report of Indicators 3b: Report of methodology and conduct of survey 3c: Report of findings withRead MorePeer Pressure2910 Words   |  12 Pageswith and if there is, then here are some options that may be a welcome break from citing Mark Anthony s oft quoted, Friends, Romans, Countrymen... speech. A good debate topic does not necessarily need to be a political topic. It can be funny, informative, contemplative, social, economical - the categories are endless. Debate topics for students need to be chosen keeping in mind the maturity level and understanding that they may be expected to have about the speech topic at hand. Always make a shortlistRead MoreMeasuring Effectiveness of Training Program6662 Words   |  27 Pagesorganized procedure by which employees learn knowledge and/or skill for a definite purpose.† Training is indispensable managerial activity. Modern HR managers have become increasingly conscious about the training, to step up the rate of production, safety and to contribute to the effectiveness of the organization. When jobs were simple, easy to learn and was influenced to only smaller degree by technological changes, there was little need for employees to upgrade or alter their skills. But the rapid

The Theory And Practice Of Natural Managment Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

In the latest Living Planet Report building and route edifice was noted as being one of the largest drivers of biodiversity loss due to human activities ( WWF, 2008 ) . As planetary concern about society ‘s impact on the environment rises, the force per unit area on administrations to work to a higher environmental criterion is increasing. With the of all time turning consciousness and significance of environmental impact the successful execution of an effectual Environmental Management System ( EMS ) is going more of import that of all time earlier. We will write a custom essay sample on The Theory And Practice Of Natural Managment Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The principle for this thesis is that by successfully implementing an EMS administrations can better their environmental public presentation and hence aid cut down the negative effects human activity has on the environment. Integrating an EMS will non assist pull off the environment straight but alternatively dressed ores on put ining environmental ends into mundane processs with the purpose of cut downing an administrations negative impacts ( Sheldon, Yoxon, 2006, page 2 ) . Developing a civilization of attention through environmental preparation, consciousness and communicating may help administrations in bettering their environmental public presentation. BS EN ISO 14001 provides counsel for organisations â€Å" concerned with accomplishing and showing sound environmental public presentation † to develop systems to pull off their environmental duties. Developing an environmental policy without enfranchisement to criterions with the purpose of stand foring an EMS is possible ( Hyde and Reeve, 2006 ) . However, conformity to criterions provides a figure of benefits. For an administration to run into the demands of an ISO based EMS it must besides integrate â€Å" preparation, consciousness and competency † . As BS EN ISO 14001 provinces any individual who ‘s responsibilities may do important environmental harm must be able to conform to the preparation consciousness and competency demands as stated in the EMS. Almost all functions within the building industry will impact on the environment in one manner or another for illustration physical during the building stage or indirectly during the design procedure. Therefore it is critical that each member of an administration regardless of place or function must be cognizant and take duty for environmental direction. In bend this will besides relieve some of the force per unit areas placed upon specialized environmental sections leting them to work more expeditiously. Puting duty across all squad members in this mode can be achieved through preparation, consciousness and communicating strategies that are relevant to the day-to-day patterns of the administration. Through implementing consciousness based EMS ‘s that are compliant with certified criterions administrations may be able to develop a civilization of attention for environmental consciousness and commit to bettering their environmental public presentation. As stated in the authoritiess Strategy for sustainable building, 2008, page 1, â€Å" It is clear that we can non run into our declared environmental marks without dramatically cut downing the environmental impact of edifices and substructure building ; we have to alter the manner we design and build † Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to research the spread between EMS theory and pattern in building and develop schemes for bridging the spread utilizing preparation, consciousness and communicating strategies. Aims What constitutes an EMS? i.e. EMAS, ISO14000 etc. Determine the troubles that are faced when implementing an EMS in the building industry. Investigate the altering relationships between hierarchal degrees and environmental consciousness and how this relationship can impact an administrations environmental public presentation. Identify the normally used schemes for implementing the preparation, consciousness and competency elements of an EMS in building undertakings. Develop a typical preparation strategy that could be used to implement a successful EMS in a site based environment. Methodology Brief description of the methodological analysis used in the survey. Outline Explanation of and debut to the construction of the survey. Chapter 2 – Environmental Management Systems? ISO14001/ EMAS Importance of Environmental Management. Over the past few old ages both public and corporate attending has been drawn towards the negative impacts that humanity is holding on the planet. What is an EMS? Environmental Management Systems are used by administrations to supervise and command any negative impacts that they may hold on the environment. As with most direction systems the chief aim of an EMS is to let relevant information to be conveyed efficaciously through an administration. As Sheldon and Yoxon ( 2006 ) place this allows countries of concern to be assessed with the relevant information in topographic point before the issue can decline. An EMS will normally contains the organizational construction, duties, patterns, processs, procedures and resources for finding and implementing environmental policy ( Netherwood, 1996 ) . Through developing an EMS administrations will be able to place the most important impacts that are relevant to the company. This will in bend allow resources and processs to be focused and prioritised on the issues with the highest demand. The Defra place statement on EMS province that to lend to improved environmental public presentation, a good EMS should: Be implemented at a strategic degree and integrated into corporate programs, and policies. Top-level committedness is required so that senior direction understand their function in guaranting the success of an EMS. Identify the administration ‘s impacts on the environment and set clear aims and marks to better their direction of these facets every bit good as the administration ‘s overall environmental public presentation. Be designed to present and pull off conformity with environmental Torahs and ordinance on an on-going footing, and will rapidly incite disciplinary and preventive action in instances of legal con-compliance. Deliver good resource direction and fiscal benefits. Incorporate assured public presentation prosodies that demonstrate the above and that can be communicated in a crystalline mode in one-year studies. What are the differences between ISO14001, EMAS, etc. ? Administrations that implement standardised EMS ‘s are faced with the determination on which criterions to attest their EMS under. Presently the two most normally used criterions are the European Eco-management and Audit Scheme ( EMAS ) and the worldwide ISO 14001 series. As portion of the ISO household of criterions ISO 14001 is the most recognized and normally enforced system. Further to a recent amendment to EMAS, conformity to ISO 14001 is now required to go certified with EMAS. In add-on to ISO14001 conformity companies must besides carry through extra responsibilities merely ( e.g. cogent evidence of complete legal conformity with national environmental Torahs, and publication of an environmental statement ) to have proof as an EMAS participant every bit good. ( Freimann and Walther, 2002 ) Why implement EMAS? EMAS is a voluntary strategy, therefore the inquiry why would companies take to take part in the strategy must be asked. R. Starkey as edited by Welford ( 1998 ) notes that although full administrations can be in conformity with ISO 14001, merely sites where industrial activities are taking topographic point can be certified by EMAS Administration How does the administration of a company impact their EMS ‘s? Environmental Law and duties EMS jurisprudence developed out of EIA jurisprudence? ? ? ? A common ground for implementing an EMS is due to troubles in keeping environmental due diligence within the parametric quantities of the jurisprudence ( Sheldon, Yoxdon, 2006 ) . During the debut of EMSs they were chiefly centred around maintaining administrations working patterns within environmental statute law and legal conformity ( Watson and Emery, 2007 ) . Although the focal point of EMS may now be towards aˆÂ ¦ it sill remains and of import to place relevant statute law and maintain this at the bosom of the system. Defra ‘s place statement states that a good EMS should be â€Å" designed to present and pull off conformity with environmental Torahs and ordinance on an on-going footing, and will rapidly incite disciplinary and preventive action in instances of legal con-compliance † . It effects over eight different elements of ISO 14001 and even further in EMAS as companies can be â€Å" de-registered † for any breach relevant regulative demands ( Sheldon, Yoxdon, 2006, pg 78 ) . Typically, environmental legislative acts set up a regulative construction consisting of a system of licenses and licenses ( frequently described as â€Å" control and bid † , or â€Å" the right to foul † ) ( Yarnell, 1993 ) . Execution Planing Execution and operation Checking Management Review Environmental Policy Continual Improvement Based on the ISO 14001 theoretical account for execution. Training consciousness and competency How make you mensurate competency? What are the usual or recommended methods of preparation? How cognizant do squad members need to be? Communication Chapter 3 – Research Methodology Aims Qualitative/ quantitative benefits of each Questionnaires Case Study Justification of chosen method What type of research was used? Why was this attack chosen? What type of informations was gained by the research? Who was involved and how were participants selected? What equipment/ instruments were used? Where and when did the probe take topographic point? How was the probe conducted and why was it done this manner? How was data collected, analysed and presented? Phase 1 – Literature research This survey will reexamine the relevant literature on the affair of Environmental direction systems in peculiar looking at execution, care, consciousness, preparation and communicating. Initial research indicates that there is varied scope of literature available to reexamine. This includes legislative publications, text editions, and diaries such as â€Å" Using a communication-mapping theoretical account for environmental direction ( CMEM ) to better environmental public presentation in undertaking development procedures † ( Tam, Shen, Yau, Tam, 2007 ) . Research commence seeking in Athens, INFORMAWORLD, Engineering and Technology, Environmental Engineering, Environmental Management Plans Demystified, Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems Phase 2 – Case Study and Exploratory Questionnaires The inquiries shall center around the countries mentioned in the aims supra. To have the highest possible degree of response, a multi-choice format will be used and the figure of inquiries will be limited to about 20 – 30. Open inquiries will non be used as they can bring forth a broad assortment of replies depending on the respondent ‘s reading of the inquiry. Furthermore, with potentially varied and drawn-out responses, the analyses of the consequences can be well more hard. Phase 3 – Writing up This phase involves composing up the content of the thesis and should cover the chapters proposed below. Chapter 4 – Case Study ( M80 ) Aims M80 Stepps to Haggs overview Reappraisal of Environmental Management Plan Review of other relevant certification Review of Roles and Duties Chapter 5 – Discussion of Finding Reappraisal of literature findings Case Study Does pattern fit literature reappraisal? Gap analysis How can the spread be filled? Chapter 6 – Decisions Recommendations How to cite The Theory And Practice Of Natural Managment Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Communications Current Trends in Networking †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Communications Current Trends in Networking. Answer: Introduction The Internet has been the prime agent that helped to bring about a major change in the lives of the people of 20th century and ushered them into the digital era (Dillman, Smyth and Christian 2014). Connectivity to the Internet has spread globalization like wildfire and is a necessity in every household in this age (Beck 2015). There are various media through which the connection to the Internet is delivered to the homes. However, there are different connectivity technologies to choose from (El Kadiri et al. 2016). The purpose of this report is to assist the client in selecting the best technology for providing Internet connectivity at the desired location and speed. Choosing the right technology is vital as the stability of the network and the speed of the Internet depends on the type connection that is used to deliver the Internet from the backbone to the household. This report comprises of analysis of different networking technology that could be used to connect the premises at Ken noway, the advantages, the disadvantages and the utility of each technology would be discussed. Technologies like Digital Subscriber Line, Ethernet and Fiber Optic Cable as they are the most common and the most utilized when it comes to transmit data over long distances (Silver 2016). However, technologies like power line networking, LTE and next generation access will also be discussed in this report as these are some unconventional yet highly effective technology that can be used transmit data too. These technologies nevertheless have very serious limitations and are sometimes costlier to implement than their counterparts. The implementation cost of such unconventional technology and their viability in the given scenario will be further analyzed in this report. The house is positioned at the end of the road ta Kennoway past Scalpay Linen in the Isle of Scalpay. The house is located at a serene yet remote location. Therefore, a huge amount of cost has to be incurred to bring Internet connectivity to such a location. There are a variety of technologies that can be used here like digital subscriber line (DSL), fiber optic cable, Ethernet, powerline networking and next generation access (Msongaleli et al. 2016). Maximum efficiency must be achieved and that entirely depends on the selection of the most suitable technology for this scenario. In the given scenario the client has confirmed that he or she has some idea regarding the nature of the technology that is used to connect to the Internet. In his or her current location he or she is using a fiber optic connection that is supporting a transfer speed of 35 mbps. However, using a fiber optic connection to connect a house in Kennoway may not be the best option and this analysis will be covered i n the later parts of this discussion. Digital Subscriber Line A Digital Subscriber Line or DSL is the type of connection where data is transferred over telephone lines (Lima et al. 2016). The telephone cables are made of copper and thus they are cheap and readily available to be connected. Seven types of DSL connections are available that can be used to transfer data. ADSL: Asymmetric digital subscriber line is the type of DSL connection where the downstream and the upstream speeds are not equal to each other. Generally, it is considered that 2 mbps a network connection would have 1 mbps upload speed and 1mbps download speed. However, in case of downstream ADSL, which is the most used ADSL, the same transfer speed would be divided as 1.5 mbps for download and 0.5 mbps for upload (Bai et al. 2017). The download speed in mostly required by individual consumers who need fast yet cheap source of Internet connectivity and thus this type of connection is the most popular among them. ADSL Lite: This is a much lower or lite version of a ADSL connection. It supports a transfer speed of 1 mbps downstream and 0.5 mbps upstream. Therefore, this type of connection is generally suitable for scenarios where simplification of ADSL connections is needed at the terminal end of the user. R-ADSL: Rate-Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line is the type of ADSL that can modify its upload and download speed depending on the requirement of the user (Verdyck, Tsiaflakis and Moonen 2015). This is thus very useful for users who requires either high download or high upload speeds but not both at the same time. Users who upload daily content to the web require such connection. HDSL: High Bit-Rate Digital Subscriber Line is the type of DSL that provides similar yet fixed download and upload speeds. It supports a transfer speed of 1.5 mbps to 2 mbps where the user is located at a distance of twelve thousand to fifteen thousand feet from the service provider (Xie et al. 2015). These lines are suitable for users who require both upload and download speeds at the same time. Thus, users who use services such as video conferencing can use this technology to easily access such services as constant upload and download speeds are required for video conferencing. IDSL: ISDN Digital Subscriber Line is the type of line that can be used to achieve up to 144 kbps transfer speed (Freeman 2015). This speed is very low for users who require a high-speed Internet connection. However, this connection is an always on line and thus it provides high quality voice transfer without any packet loss. SDSL: Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line is the type where the total transfer speed is equally divided as upload and download speeds (Effenberger 2016). This type of connection is generally required by users who need high upload and high download speeds at the same time. VDSL: Very High Bit-Rate Digital Subscriber Line is the fastest among all the xDSL lines present. The connection supports download speed of 13 mbps to 52 mbps and an upload speed of 1.5 mbps to 2.5 mbps (Karim and Sultana 2016). Such a connection is very useful among users who require very high download speeds. These lines provide stable Internet connection and the cost of the cable is not very high. However, to attain maximum speed the user must be located as near to the service provider as possible. Increase in distance creates a decrease in the transfer speed supported by the connection. Fiber Optic Fiber Optic Cables provide the fastest Internet connectivity among every option available to the consumers. These cables support transfer speed up to 10 at a distance up to 3 km (Winzer 2015). These cables are used to form the Internet backbone connection. General grade cables are used for creating an Internet backbone in a single building or between different buildings. However, the backbone of a larger area needs high quality optic fiber cables that can sufficiently support high transfer rates at very low packet loss. Optic fibers are used for connecting between different countries (Venghaus and Grote 2017). However, these cables are very expensive to implement. These cables are thus primarily used for creating backbone connection. Nevertheless, these cables can also be used to connect to remote places as these cables can transmit at long distances at high speed without any loss. Thus, considering the scenario, fiber optic cable is the most optimum solution for creating a connectio n at Kennoway. However, these cables are very expensive and an entire connection created out of fiber optic cables might not be feasible for the client. There are several other reasons that serve as disadvantages to the use of fiber optic cables. These cables are too expensive to be connected aerially using poles. An underground network of these wires is thus created to prevent any accidental damage to them either natural or man-made. The climate pattern of Scotland suggests that Kennoway does is not affected by extreme weather conditions, although the weather frequently changes due to the Gulf Stream from the Atlantic. Thus, such frequent changes to the weather will produce several problems for the optic fiber cables as these cables are rather delicate and not robust in nature. These cables will break if high stress in applied to them. These cables must be handled with the utmost care as even minute damage to a small portion of the wire will affect the performance of the whole netw ork. It will result into reduced transfer speeds and even complete service disruptions. Fiber optic cables must be installed in a straight line. There are various calculations that must be performed related the stress factor of the line before bending the cable to suit the topography. The maximum allowable stress is directly proportional to the diameter of the cable. Once the wire breaks, it can only be joined using a special machine called the optic fiber splicer. The purpose of this instrument is to join two separate pieces of fibers together so that the light passing through one fiber smoothly passes on to the next portion of the fiber through the splice and the area surrounding the splicing is as strong as the rest of the fiber. Any break in the fiber must be repaired using this equipment and this equipment is very costly. Thus, repairing any damage to the fiber cables might take a significant amount of time in a place as remote as the Isle of Scalpay. These types of connection must only be opted for when there is a service provider in the vicinity with the capability and the equipment to repair fiber optic cables with as little time as possible. Ethernet is currently one of the most commonly used networking technology. It has a wide variety of flexibility and thus can be used in any scenario by utilizing a proper handoff method. It is also one of the oldest utilized networking techniques. This technology is implemented for Local Area Connection (LAN), Wide Area Connection (WAN) and Metropolitan Area Connection (MAN) (Zhang et al. 2014). It is thus evident that this technology must be easy to implement and cost efficient to operate. A fully commissioned Ethernet network lasts for years and thus the return on investment is very high. Various twisted pair cables are used for creating an Ethernet connection. A twisted pair cable is a combination of two cables twisted together to minimize magnetic interference. This wire aids in reducing data loss when transmitted over a long distance. In the current scenario, this technology can be very helpful as an Ethernet network can be used to distribute data over long distances and the hou sehold is located at a remote location. Thus, the client will be able to enjoy a high quality and stable Internet connection if this technology is used. There are various types of cables that can be used to create an Ethernet network among them the CAT 5, CAT 5e, CAT 6 and CAT 6a are the most common types of twisted pair cables that are used (Hailong and Li 2015). CAT 5 supports a transfer speed of up to 100 mbps whereas the CAT 5e variant supports transfer speed up to 1 gbps and CAT 6 as well as CAT 6a supports transfer speed of up to 10 gbps. Such extreme variant of speed is usually not required by individuals. A maximum transfer speed of up to 1 gbps is sufficient for network support that would last to the next decade. Power Line Networking It is one of the most robust techniques that can be used to establish a network connection. In this type of networking, data is transmitted over electrical cables. This is one of the cheapest forms of networking technology as electric cables are used almost everywhere and additional cost is not incurred on network cables (Yigit et al. 2014). A special filter is required that separates the data packets from the electrical signals. A computer system is always near an electrical outlet. The filter can be attached to the outlet and the output of the filter to the computer. This type of networking is primarily used for the internal networking requirements of a household. However, in the present scenario this technology can be very useful as the roads of Kennoway have power lines that lead up to the individual houses. Thus, the power line that enters the house that the client is thinking of moving into, can be used to transmit Internet for his or her use. The only equipment that the client has to buy additionally are filtering equipment that would filter the electrical signal from the transmitted data (Lampe 2016). This technology might seem very suitable to use in the current situation, nevertheless this technology has some serious drawbacks. The major drawback is that the transmission loss in this technology is very high in the event of a long-distance transmission. This technology is although very robust and the implementation cost is low. Therefore, with some advances in the transmission technology, perhaps by using repeaters at some fixed intervals, power line networking can be used to transmit data over very long distances (Yoon et al. 2014). The current generation of networking technology that individuals can access supports up to 24 mbps. Thus, the technology that supports data transfer speed above 24 mbps is termed as Next Generation Access (NGA) (Jaunaux and Lebourges 2015). In this method, a combination of optic fiber cable and copper cable is used to transmit data at high speed. The optic fiber leads up to a certain location and then the connection is switched over to copper cables. Six types of connections have been developed and is termed as FTTX or Fiber To The X (Hirooka et al. 2016). The X signifies the location at which the fiber connection ends and the copper connection starts. X can denote node, curb, building, office, home or desktop. A convertor is installed at the location X that converts the optical signals to electrical signals. The location of the convertor placement or the X is selected based the distribution planning of the connection. The selected position for the termination of the optic fiber can be a node if a single connection is to be distributed across a large area. The selected location can be a curb if the connection is to be distributed in a small locality. A single connection can be distributed in a single building in the event of use by an office. The fiber optic connection can be directly terminated in a home or a desktop depending on the preferences of the individual user. This technology offers the highest speed at a reasonable cost among all other technologies that is in use till date (Pfeiffer 2015). Various operators around the world are adapting this technology to serve a fast and stable Internet connection to their customers. Various governments are also taking initiatives so that the common people can utilize fast Internet connection through the implementation of this technology. Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access or WiMAX is a technology that is not implemented globally. However, this technology holds great potential. In the previous section, it was discussed that the optic fiber connection at a selected location and then converted to a copper connection containing electrical signals. The phase of the connection containing the copper cable can be replaced with WiMAX. Here, data is transferred using high frequency microwave over long range. This technology thus can be used to provide wireless broadband to a locality or a household located within a one-mile radius of the WiMAX terminal. Wireless internet is a great advantage in locations where an Internet connection using a cable is not viable. This technology is cheaper to implement than 3G or even LTE (Al-Omar, Landolsi and Al-Ali 2015). However, this technology cannot be implemented for individual as the cost to usage ratio will be low. Thus, this technology is not feasible in the current scena rio as only one household will be utilizing this connection and the cost that would be incurred to create such a setup would be high for a single individual to bear. Standard Wi-Fi devices cannot be used to connect to this network (Cao, Cheung and Yuk 2015). Separate devices dedicated to WiMAX are required to access the network to utilize Internet. Recommendation Various networking technology have been discussed in the previous sections of this report. Among the different technologies that has been discussed, the most suitable form of connection would be to use either Ethernet or DSL. However, these types of connections fail severely when it comes to connecting remote places. Thus, it is strongly recommended that a hybrid connection is used so as to increase the efficiency by maintaining high data transfer rates yet keeping the cost of the network as minimal as possible. As discussed in the section of Next Generation Access networking technology, a combination of optic fiber cable and Ethernet cable would produce the most satisfactory result to the client. An optical fiber cable connection can be created from the nearest optical fiber backbone located near Kennoway up to Scalpay Linen. An Ethernet connection can be created from the terminal at Scalpay Linen using an Optic Fiber to Ethernet conversion box. This connection would lead to the pre mises of the house of the client that he or she wishes to move into. This connection would provide transfer speeds up to 1 gbps which is the upper limit of an Ethernet connection. The Ethernet cable is easy to procure and repair and thus it will be cost efficient up to the distance where it does not induce any loss in the Internet connection. The optic fiber connection from Scalpay Linen to the Internet backbone is necessary as it will minimize the data packet loss that arises in other networking technologies due to long distance transmission. The use of optic fiber cable thus removes the effect that long distance has on the quality of the transferred data. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that there have been some great advances in the field of networking technologies. However, each technology has its own specific purpose and use. Every networking technology is not applicable in all the scenarios and therefore the most suitable technology must be selected to achieve optimum results. In this report, it is seen that Internet connectivity is required at a remote place on the Isle of Scalpay. However, if speed and distance are both factored into the cost calculation, any single networking technology would not be viable to use. Thus, a combination of the optic fiber cable and the Ethernet cable would be effective in this scenario. Reference List Al-Omar, B.A., Landolsi, T. and Al-Ali, A., 2015. Evaluation of wimax technology in smart grid communications. Journal of Communications, 10(10), pp.804-811. Bai, T., Zhang, H., Zhang, R., Yang, L.L., Al Rawi, A.F., Zhang, J. and Hanzo, L., 2017. Discrete multi-tone digital subscriber loop performance in the face of impulsive noise. IEEE Access, 5, pp.10478-10495. Beck, U., 2015. What is globalization?. John Wiley Sons Cao, Y.F., Cheung, S.W. and Yuk, T.I., 2015. A multiband slot antenna for GPS/WiMAX/WLAN systems. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 63(3), pp.952-958. Dillman, D.A., Smyth, J.D. and Christian, L.M., 2014. Internet, phone, mail, and mixed-mode surveys: the tailored design method. John Wiley Sons. Effenberger, F., 2016. Future broadband access networks [point of view]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 104(11), pp.2078-2081. El Kadiri, S., Grabot, B., Thoben, K.D., Hribernik, K., Emmanouilidis, C., Von Cieminski, G. and Kiritsis, D., 2016. Current trends on ICT technologies for enterprise information systems. Computers in Industry, 79, pp.14-33. Freeman, R.L., 2015. Telecommunication system engineering (Vol. 82). John Wiley Sons. Hailong, X. and Li, Y., Nexans, 2015. Separator structure for Cat 6 cable. U.S. Patent 9,048,007. Hirooka, T., Yoshida, M., Kasai, K. and Nakazawa, M., 2016, February. Optical and wireless-integrated next-generation access network based on coherent technologies. In Broadband Access Communication Technologies X (Vol. 9772, p. 977203). International Society for Optics and Photonics Jaunaux, L. and Lebourges, M., 2015. Economic replicability tests for next-generation access networks. Telecommunications Policy, 39(6), pp.486-501. Karim, F.R. and Sultana, Z., 2016. Asymmetric Digital Line Subscriber (ADSL) under Exchange Installation Division and. bd domain under Admin Coordination division of Bangladesh Telecommunication (Doctoral dissertation, East West University). Lampe, L., 2016. Power Line Communications: Principles, Standards and Applications from multimedia to smart grid. John Wiley Sons. Lima, V.D., Klautau, A., Costa, J., Ericson, K., Fertner, A. and Sales, C., 2016. A wavelet?based expert system for digital subscriber line topology identification. International Journal of Communication Systems, 29(1), pp.47-63. Msongaleli, D.L., Dikbiyik, F., Zukerman, M. and Mukherjee, B., 2016. Disaster-aware submarine fiber-optic cable deployment for mesh networks. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 34(18), pp.4293-4303. Pfeiffer, T., 2015, March. Next generation mobile fronthaul architectures. In Optical Fiber Communication Conference (pp. M2J-7). Optical Society of America. Silver, R.U., 2016. Local Loop Overview. National Communications System (NCS), BellSouth Network Training, newnetworks. com. Venghaus, H. and Grote, N. eds., 2017. Fibre Optic Communication: Key Devices (Vol. 161). Springer. Verdyck, J., Tsiaflakis, P. and Moonen, M., 2015, August. Unequal error protection in rate adaptive spectrum management for digital subscriber line systems. In Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), 2015 23rd European (pp. 1451-1455). IEEE. Winzer, P.J., 2015. Scaling optical fiber networks: challenges and solutions. Optics and Photonics News, 26(3), pp.28-35. Xie, C., Dong, P., Randel, S., Pilori, D., Winzer, P., Spiga, S., Kgel, B., Neumeyr, C. and Amann, M.C., 2015, March. Single-VCSEL 100-Gb/s short-reach system using discrete multi-tone modulation and direct detection. In Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), 2015 (pp. 1-3). IEEE. Yigit, M., Gungor, V.C., Tuna, G., Rangoussi, M. and Fadel, E., 2014. Power line communication technologies for smart grid applications: A review of advances and challenges. Computer Networks, 70, pp.366-383. Yoon, S.G., Jang, S., Kim, Y.H. and Bahk, S., 2014. Opportunistic routing for smart grid with power line communication access networks. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 5(1), pp.303-311. Zhang, L., Goswami, D., Schneider, R. and Chakraborty, S., 2014, January. Task-and network-level schedule co-synthesis of Ethernet-based time-triggered systems. In Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC), 2014 19th Asia and South Pacific (pp. 119-124). IEEE.

Brain and behavior free essay sample

The temporal lobe is a region of the cerebral cortex that is located beneath the lateral fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain. The temporal lobes are involved in the retention of visual memories, processing sensory input, comprehending language, storing new memories, emotion, and deriving meaning. The frontal lobe is an area in the brain of mammals, located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere and positioned anterior to (in front of) the parietal lobe and superior and anterior to the temporal lobes. It is separated from the parietal lobe by a space between tissues called the central sulcus, and from the temporal lobe by a deep fold called the lateral (Sylvain) sulcus. The frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine-sensitive neurons in the cerebral cortex. The dopamine system is associated with reward, attention, short-term memory tasks, planning, and motivation. Dopamine tends to limit and select sensory information arriving from the thalamus to the fore-brain. We will write a custom essay sample on Brain and behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of the main differences between the frontal lobe and temporal lobe is each section’s position within the brain. The frontal lobe consists of two sub-sections and is located in the front of the brain just behind the forehead, while the temporal lobe is found below the frontal lobe. The remaining brain lobes, the parietal and occipital lobes, are located behind the frontal and temporal lobes. Although both the frontal lobe and temporal lobe are responsible for memory, they each provide different specific memory functions. The frontal lobe controls short-term memory, as well as planning and concentration. For example, this portion of the brain is at work when a person is making a schedule or recalling specific tasks that need to be completed for the day. The temporal lobe also contributes to memory, but it tends to assist a person in recalling long-term memories, particularly those memories triggered by senses, such as hearing music. Another key difference between the frontal lobe and temporal lobe is how they deal with processing language. Each of these lobes has a subsection within it that handles language and if either of the areas become damaged, it can result in severe speech and language difficulties. An area within the temporal lobe known as Wernicke’s area is responsible for comprehending words and sounds; therefore, when this area is damaged, a person may make sounds that are not actual words but may be unaware of the mistakes since his or her brain cannot differentiate between words and other sounds. Boca’s area is located within the left frontal lobe and its main function is producing the physical acts of speaking. Damage to Boca’s area may cause difficulties in a person being able to physically speak, but he or she generally still understands the speech of others. Because of its location in the anterior part of the head, the frontal lobe is arguably more susceptible to injuries. Following a frontal lobe injury, an individual’s abilities to make good choices and recognize consequences are often impaired. Memory impairment is another common effect associated with frontal lobe injuries, but this effect is less documented and may or may not be the result of flawed testing. Damage to the frontal lobe can cause increased irritability, which may include a change in mood and an inability to regulate behavior. Particularly, an injury of the frontal lobe could lead to deficits in executive function, such as anticipation, goal selection, planning, initiation, sequencing, monitoring (detecting errors), and self-correction (initiating novel responses). Researchers have found eight major symptoms associated with damage to the temporal lobe and they are problems with auditory sensation and perception, difficulty attending to auditory and visual stimuli, visual perception disorders, problems organizing and categorizing verbal materials, language comprehension problems, impaired long-term memory, changes in affective behavior and personality, and changes in sexual behavior. The location of the damage to the temporal lobe is linked to the type of impairment the individual experiences. For example, damage to the left temporal lobe can result in difficulty recognizing words while damage to the right temporal lobe can result in a lack on inhibition when talking. In conclusion these lobes are very important to our brain and have many uses. They also have defects when damaged so we need to take care of our brain like if it were gold.

Gorillas in the Mist essays

Gorillas in the Mist essays For my book report, I read the book Gorillas In The Mist by Dr. Dian Fossey. Dr Diane Fossey began what was to become one of the longest field studies of the Gorilla gorilla beringei or the mountain gorillas. This book tells the story of Dians life studying the gorillas of the African rain forest. Dian combines adventure with valuable scientific knowledge to make a truly wonderful and interesting book. The main purpose of this book was to inform people about the mountain gorillas and of all of the problems the mountain gorillas face today. Diane Fosseys interest in the mountain gorillas began when she was young. Diane first began studying the gorillas of the African Rain Forest at the Parc des Virungas in Zaire, but she soon had to move her study site to the Parc des Volcans in Rwanda. It was there where she set up the Karisoke Research Center. Diane began her studies of the mountain gorillas there in 1967. The mountain gorillas are endangered and are becoming closer and closer to extinction every day. Dr Fossey wanted to find a way to help these gorillas. She created a study of how all of the gorillas lived so that she could better understand them and what might be done so that the population downfall could recover. Diane found that poaching, bad land management, and captivity were the main problems the gorillas were facing. Diane found that like humans, the mountain gorillas are truly social animals. They rely heavily on social interactions. The mountain gorillas live in very social family groups. Each member of the family has a certain role. If something bad happens to one family member, it can put a lot of stress on the other members of the family and can have devastating results. When Diane observed this, she did everything she could in order to keep the families together. Poaching was one of the main causes for death in the gori ...

Human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human resource management - Essay Example Indeed, the situation has been like a crisis that has called for the implementation of a coercive leadership style. It was initially hoped that this hard line approach would yield the results that will get their employees back in line in order for them to be able to get thru the crisis. They are hoping that this style which has been said to be best suited to get the company out of situations like this will be the answer (Goleman, 2002). The following are the identification of the areas needed for improvement and the suggestions on how to go about the change for the betterment of the organization of HMS. Task 1: A re-calibration of leadership style Unfortunately, the coercive leadership style did not work. Indeed, this style is usually the one that is called upon during crisis situations and the company had hoped that this will be the answer for their problems. The increased control that the leaders have in this form usually helps in getting the job done. Through the coercive leadersh ip style, it is easy to give direction and even to demand the workers to conform to the standards of performance in order to get to their objective. However, prolonging the use of this style can have adverse effects on the employees (Goleman, 2002). Hence, it would be important for the company to change their leadership style since this has already come to the point wherein the employees are not anymore motivated by the spurs being driven into them but are in fact demoralized with the autocratic atmosphere that has been brought about by the coercive leadership style. It would then be beneficial to address the problem by having discussions with the employees in order to come to an understanding on how to go about the firm’s operations. Task 2: Adjusting strategic positions For many years now, there have been two important developments in the way human resources are managed. One is the strategic human resource management and the other is international human resource management. Indeed, there have been calls for human resources management to become more strategic in order to provide the necessary support to the attainment of a company’s goals and objectives. Also, the increasing impact of globalization coupled with unprecedented advancements in communications capability through technological innovations has brought forward the need for human resources management to take on a more international point of view (Schuler and Jackson, 2005). As mentioned, the utilization of coercive leadership has failed to yield the desired results of HMS. It is therefore suggested that this approach be changed into something that will be able to take into consideration the employees and not merely center on the perceptions of the top management on how to move the company forward and out of the crisis. As such, there is the pressing need to innovate the way the employees are handled in order to increase their participation and also their morale so that there will be a re duction in the problems emanating from a mismanaged human resources. Indeed, like all the other resources, the employees must be managed carefully but unlike supplies and machineries, these people have emotions and when push comes to shove will have the tendency to push back. Clearly, there ought to be a strategic approach to handling these resources especially since these employees are critical enablers for the strategy to

Organisational Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 10

Organisational Change Management - Essay Example At this stage the employees and the employers were inquired about the reason for absenteeism and then they were also informed about the type of change that should be undertaken by them. This assignment describes the five stages of â€Å"Appreciative Inquiry (AI) 5D framework† - definition, discovery, dream, design and destiny. It gives a holistic view of the difficulty faced and modifications needed (Cooperrider and Whitney, 2005). The framework was developed by David Cooperrider and his team mates in mid 1980’s. The five stages are described are as follows. Definition The first stage is â€Å"define† which focuses on the awareness of the developmental activities. During this stage the topic of inquiry becomes the organization’s main agenda for learning as well as innovation. The questions asked are affirmative in nature and it focuses on the topic valuable to the people who are involved and directed at topics and issues for the success of organization. Th is inquiry identifies â€Å"the area† where the organization needs to change. The changes can be strategic, structural, people and process change. In Silkeborg Council case, the main problem was absenteeism for which the elderly care department faced a lot of problems. ... Small-scale or incremental people changes include sending of management workers to team-building workshops and classes. These changes can be planned or unplanned, which may impact the employee’s attitude towards work, behaviours of the individual and their performances. The changes are made to help the employees and the employer to reduce absenteeism. It can either be planned or unplanned, which may impact the employee’s attitude towards work, behaviours of the individual and their performances. The area of change once identified should be worked upon to bring productivity in the Council. The factor which is preventing long-term change is the attitude, behaviour and performances of the employees towards their work and that’s why the number of absentees increased during that period. The possible reason for absenteeism can be personal problems health problems or job dissatisfaction. These are the possible areas where the management should work upon to bring in disc ipline and proper working of the organization without lost time. The changes implemented during that period could not remain for long time because of the fluctuating behaviour and attitude of the employees. The management could not mange properly which led to these disturbances in the council. Kurt Lewin’s Change Model can be applied to the Silkeborg Council case. The model elaborates the modifications of some forces keeping the whole system stable. He examined that a set of behaviour at any moment is the outcome of two groups of forces. These forces are attempting to maintain status quo and is forcing for change. When the two sets of forces are equal, the current behaviours are preserved in a state known as ‘quasi-stationary equilibrium’. For

GS1 Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

GS1 Report - Essay Example Currently, GS1 is the most widely used global supply chain standards system, through it, any organization irrespective of size or geo-relocation can order, trace, deliver and pay for goods along the supply chain. One of the primary techniques used to streamline the supply chain from the raw materials to the manufacturing stage is the use of barcodes; they play a central role in GS1’s functionality. They are a global standard language and they transcend language barriers which have retrospectively posed a serious challenge to the globalization of trade (Crichton 2008). Since their introduction by GS1 as part of the global standardization process, the speed and accuracy of transactions have significantly improved. For the last three decades, GS1 has delivered enterprise solutions and simplified execution of global standards for use in local and transnational supply chains. The chief purpose of GS1 standards is the provision of a structure that facilitates express and operative m ovement of, goods, service and corresponding information. The formation of GS1 was occasioned by a merger between the Uniform Code Council (UCC) and the European Article Numbering (EAN International) in a 1990 cooperative agreement in which they agreed to formally co-manage global standards. The organization has extensive latitude and it governs a global notational membership of over 100 encompassing millions in the 24 industrial sectors. It is highly dynamic and has maintained an exponential growth rate primarily because of its profit reinvestment strategy; all the extra revenues generated by its activities are channeled back to further develop the organization. Supply Chain Management A well designed supply chain is crucial in the quest to expedite day to day business operations so as to reduce the complexity of trade between organizations both locally and internationally. To this end, it is essential that business maintain a set of universal standards, which makes for easier deci sion making in terms of which hardware, software or services need to be purchased or used. Furthermore, universal standards ensure collaboration between traders throughout the supply chain such that identification and sharing of items as well as calculations of quantities across the board can be smoothened. In the long run, this benefit all the stakeholders since goods become easily available and accessible and service provision is more efficient; for instance, in the medical field, errors are reduced and patient safety enhanced. GS1 also plays a key role in combating counterfeit products since it facilitates global traceability and authentication. Relative to the principle of Global Standard, GS1 keeps four global trading products namely; Barcodes, Electronic Business Messaging (eCom), Global Data Synchronization Network (GDSN) and EPC global. They also provide services such as; Customer Service, Education and Training and Barcode Testing (Moore 2009). In lieu with the new technolo gical development that have been integrated into the business environment, information supply and authentication of data is made easier through the Go scan app that allow users to scan a products barcode and access the product data online. The Shoe Size

Analysis Coke And Pepsi Learn To Compete In India Business Essay

Analysis Coke And Pepsi Learn To Compete In India Business Essay The political environment in India has proven to be critical to company performance for both Pepsi co and coca-cola India. What specific aspects of the political environment have played key roles? Could these effects have been anticipated prior to market entry? If not, could developments in the political arena have been handled better by each company? In order to understand what Coca Cola and Pepsi had to deal with in India, it is essential to grasp the full meaning of what politics includes. Politics is not merely the political ideology the country has and thus the governance of the state including government policies and the role he plays in the country but also on a micro level it deals with small associations and unions and thus also with division of power. India was seen for many years as being unfriendly to foreign investors. In fact the Principle of Indigenous Availability law specified that if an item could be obtained locally, imports of a similar product were forbidden. Following the first Gulf War in 1991, measures were taken to liberalize the Indian economy introducing the New Industrial Policy to eliminate barriers such as bureaucracy and regulation to foreign direct investment. Despite this, protectionism was still evident in India. Pepsi entered the Indian beverage market in July 1986 i.e. before the liberalization of Indias government, while Coca Cola followed for the second time (after a presence between 1958 and 1977) in 1993. Despite this, both of them received alien status upon entry in the Indian market. The two corporations were required to follow government policies designed to impede foreign business. Sales of Pepsis soft drink concentrate to local bottlers could not exceed 25% of total sales while fruits and vegetables by Pepsi Foods Ltd. had to be processed. Coca Cola on the other hand had to agree to sell 49% of its equity as a condition of entering and buying out an Indian company (Parle). Moreover, according to Indian law it was forbidden to promote products under foreign brand names if sold within India and thus Pepsi became Lehar Pepsi and Coca Cola became Coca Cola India. The Indian government acted as a regulator imposing sets of laws and rules that restrained the way the companies do business. According to Dr. Ashok Rao, (Head of Network Project, CEDT, Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore) (2006), India has a very confused, diverse and stagnant political system. The amount of political parties present in India and the power regional political parties have, act as big barriers to businesses. Unlike Western democracies, power is centralized and top politicians dictate what happens thus businesses will have to work through many more layers to reach to somebody who can actually take a decision. The micro environment in India mainly pressure groups also affected heavily Coca Cola and Pepsi. Their political power in India was substantial at the time. To name a few, there was the All-India Anti-Imperialist Forum which called for a boycott of all American and British goods after the attacks on Iraq and the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) led by Ms. Sunita Narain who issued a report stating that drinks made by Coca Cola and PepsiCo were found to contain pesticide residue far higher than the limits suggested by governments Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Both of them led to decline in sales; however, the damage done to sales through government action was less important than the bad publicity received. All the above highlight the political power and instability present in India. Government situations in India were dynamic and inconsistent mainly because government laws and policies were unclear and not based on strong foundations (Ash Rao, 2006). Because of this inconsistency in the legal environment, there was a greater importance played on lobbying the politicians. Lack of solid institutions gave way to corruption. In fact, as Li Chain, (Ex-member, Planning Commission and Political Reformer in Bangalor) stated years later (Ashok Rao et al, 2006), India ranks high on the corruption index. We have not yet found a way of containing corruption in our bureaucracy and political system. Being such a dynamic and inconsistent environment, Coca Cola and Pepsi could not predict most of the issues raised beforehand. However, just by looking at the unstable, confusing and dynamic political environment both companies should have been prepared to deal with similar issues. Coca Colas agreement to sell 49% of its equity to Indian partners within two years is a case in point. While lobbying was out of the question due to an oversight of the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB), another option would have been that of not investing further through a joint venture with Parle until solid foundations were built. During the time, investment rules were constantly changing and unclear and thus Coca Cola should have known better and not expect an equal treatment (other foreign companies such as Philips and Carrier were allowed to buy back most of their outstanding shares) considering that as stated by market analysts, there was no apparent logic behind India government policies. PepsiCo was quite quick in every situation to abide with the changing policies however both companies lacked pro-activeness. With specific measures in place, both companies could have avoided all the bad publicity on their brand names. Timing of entry into the Indian market brought different results for PepsiCo and Coca-Cola India. What benefits or disadvantages accrued as a result of earlier or later entry? Timing of entry in a foreign market is a critical decision. Although the first entrant in the market would have better chances of gaining market share, both first and following entrants have their advantages and disadvantages. The political and legal environment in India does not present a clear cut line which amongst PepsiCo and Coca Cola India had the most advantages in terms of time of entry. PepsiCo was the first to enter the market in 1986, although in actual fact Coca Cola had already had a presence in India between 1958 and 1977. The decision to leave was taken when Indias government tried to force Coca-Cola to share their recipe and trim its equity stake down to 40%. Coca Cola re-entered the market in 1993. PepsiCos timing was impeccable. During that period the carbonated soft drink market experienced substantial growth in India. Pepsi were able to ensure their place and grab a good share amount of the soft drink sales; managing in fact to gain 29% market share by 1993. Moreover, according to Srivastava M. (2010) Pepsi became this catch-all for anything that was bottled, fizzy and from abroad. The word Pepsi became part of everyday vocabulary in India referring to soft drinks in general and not only PepsiCo soft drinks. However, PepsiCo also suffered from a number disadvantages because of its timing. The Indian Government only approved its application to trade in the Indian market after agreeing to the threshold of total sales not exceeding 25% and that of changing name to Lehar Pepsi. PepsiCo also struggled to fight off the smaller Indian soft drink brands in its venture to gain market share. Coca Cola India, on the other hand, entered the market 6 years after PepsiCo. During this timeframe legislations were amended to facilitate foreign investment including the elimination of the clause forcing foreign companies to join forces with Indian companies in order to be able to enter the market. In fact, Coca Cola entered the Indian market as Coca-Cola India in 1993. However, wanting to expand its investments, Coca Cola India formed a joint venture with industry leader, Parle, in 1996, buying out four of its bottling plants together with its leading brands Thums Up, Limca, Citra, Gold Spot and Mazaa. For Coca-Cola India to do this, however, it had to sign an agreement with the Indian government agreeing to sell 49% of its equity to Indian Partners. The Indian market is enormous in terms of population and geography. How have the two companies responded to the sheer scale of operations in India in terms of i. product policies, ii. promotional activities, iii. pricing policies and iv. distribution arrangements. A population of over 1 billion people ( as of 2010 census) and being the 7th largest country in the world, makes India one of the largest markets in the current economy. Both Pepsi and Coke had to adapt to such enormity, and they did so throughout several areas. Product Policies Both companies carefully catered for the Indian tastes. They entered the market with products close to those already available in India such as lime beverages, fruit drinks as well as water. They carefully waited until they had a secure position in the market and had established their core products; then introduced American- type drinks. One particular example is the introduction of Sprite, a beverage forming part of the Coca- Cola family. They also introduced new products. Coke was the first to start producing bottled water under the name of Kinley while Pepsi Foods introduced Aquafina. Promotional Activities The Navrartri Festival is the second highest season for soft-drink consumption. Pepsi and Coke made full use of this festival and saw it as a promotional opportunity. Coca-Cola India: It gave away 20,000 passes to the festival; one for every purchase of a Thums Up. They also introduced a buy one get one free scheme and held lucky draws where one could win a trip to Goa. PepsiCo: It sponsored dance competitions on a large scale and had many promotional offers such as a free kilo of Basmati rice with every refill of a case of 300ml of Pepsi as well as free kit-kat with every 1.5 l bottle and free Polo with every 500ml bottle. The segmentation of different areas of India allowed for the differentiation and division of rural and urban Indian youth into categories, India A and India B respectively. Doing so they were able to advertise and promote their products differently so as to target and appeal to these markets individually. Coke made use of Bollywood stars to endorse its products, featuring them in their adverts and campaigns while Pepsi preferred to use sporting events and famous athletes such as cricket players and sponsored events such as the Cricket World Series of 2003. Pricing Policies PepsiCo: It included an aggressive pricing policy on their one litre bottles which created different reactions between their competition. Coc Cola India: In 2003, it slashed its prices of softdrinks by 15-25% as an attempt to encourage consumption and enhance affordability. It also made sure the soft drinks were made available to consumers so as to make it a regular purchase. PepsiCo was forced to match these price cuts in order to keep up. Distribution Arrangement In terms of distribution arrangements both PepsiCo and Coca-Cola India had production plants and bottling centers all throughout India located strategically in the largest cities including Bombay/Mumbai and Delhi. More plants were added when demand increased and when the product range grew. Moreover, having formed partnerships with local companies, both Coca Cola and Pepsi were able to get initial access into the market. Global Localisation is a policy both companies have implemented successfully. Give examples for each company from the case. By definition, the term glocal refers to the organization (in this case corporations such as Coca Cola India and PepsiCo) and the community which is willing and able to think globally and act locally. Both firms have identified this emerging trend as the key element to surviving in the Indian Market. They adapted their products to the location and culture they marketed them in. PepsiCo PepsiCos first signs of glocalisation were apparent from the moment it attempted to enter the Indian market as it did so as a joint venture with another two locally based companies, Voltas and Punjab Agro. Together they formed PepsiFoods Ltd. In 1990 PepsiCo then proceeded to changing its name as well as the name of its other products to Pepsi Lehar so as to conform with the imposed government regulations. This name also helped them to integrate further with the Indian culture. PepsiCo also launched Lehar 7UP so as to cater for the local tastes and lime culture and placed this in the clear lemon beverage category. PepsiCo vigorously sponsored cricket players as well as cricket and other sporting tournaments such as soccer. It also sponsored for the whole event those cricket players in the Indian Cricket Team who participated in the 2003 Cricket World Cup in South Africa. Moreover, it took advantage of the World Cup Fever by organising local tournaments and featuring football heroes during this period in their campaigns. PepsiCo also chose its campaigns to tie in with imporant sporting events such as the Keep it Cool 7UP Summer Campaign which coincided with India Zimbabwe One Day Cricket Series. The endorsement of popular Bollywood actors such Amitabh Bachchcans endorsement of Mirinda was also used. As mentioned in the previous question, PepsiCo also made use of the Navrartri Festival by creating promotional offers. In the year 2000, it teamed up with Guarjarati TV to telecast the festival throughout the 9 nights. Coca-Cola India Coca-Cola India also started off as a joint venture; with Brittania Industries India Ltd. In 1993 it went on to form a joint venture with Parle, purchasing its 4 major bottling plants and leading brands including Thums up which in 2002 ranked second nationwide in terms of softdrink consumption. This allowed it to integrate a national drink under the Coca Cola brand so as to boost Coca Colas image and credibility. Glocalisation is part of Coca Colas think global act local business plan. Coca Cola also made use of the Navrartri Festival in order to integrate themselves with local culture. In 2002 they gave out 20, 000 free passes to the fast dance happening during this festival; one for every bottle of Thums Up bought. Coca Cola India also carried out lifestyle advertising and its main strategy was to build a connect using the relevant local idioms. They made use of adverts featuring famous directors such as A.R. Rahman, music director of Slumdog Millionaire, and made sure to use popular local music such as the gaana. Coca Cola India also made use of Bollywood stars to attract consumers; targeted especially to the rural and urban youth catered for in different segments. Famous stars include Aishwarya Rai and Vivek Oberoi. Some analysts consider that Coca-Cola India made mistakes in planning and managing its return to India. Do you agree? If not, what or who do you think was responsible for any mistakes? Coca Cola first entered the Indian market in 1958, however withdrawn in 1977 after facing many problems from the government, such as cutting its equity stake to 40 percent and being asked to hand over its secret formula for the syrup. Coca Cola managed to re-enter the market in 1993 after the first application in May 1990 was rejected. Pepsis application to enter the Indian market was probably a trigger for Coca Cola to do the same. This could have been Coca Colas first mistake: haste. Wanting to be part of this growing and developing market, it entered the market soon after PepsiCo; despite knowing that although sixteen years had passed from its first attempt in the market, the political environment was still very unstable and thus very risky. Doing heavy research before entering such a risky (politically, economically and also culturally) market, is vital. Still, there was a lot of which Coca Cola did not know about the Indian market, especially in confronting the huge political risks. Although Coca Cola has its faults, blaming Coca Cola entirely would be wrong. The Indian government and other authorities had a lot of power on businesses, as explained in Question 1, making it very hard to predict certain situations. Nonetheless, if Coca Cola India had been a bit more knowledgeable and careful in planning and implementing its corporate and business strategies, it could have avoided certain managing mistakes. However, staying out of this attractive market would have been a shame. Although it is fair to say that its market entry was not made easy due to government application rejections and other imposed rules; Coca Cola India could have tried negotiating with the government a bit more before entering the market). During its first years in the market, Coca Cola India was also very slow in realizing certain key issues such as the ideal price point for its soft drinks. Having more than 50% of the population under poverty line, a reduction in prices (which actually occurred then in 2003), would have increased consumption and thus increasing profits. All in all, Coca Cola India was quite successful in its choice of strategy, considering it has around one million retail outlets around India selling Coca Cola. Few of its best communication strategies were those of including stars from Bollywood in its advertising and the Buy one Get one free promotion. Despite this however, as mentioned before, understanding the Indian population a bit more could have helped. In conclusion, what Coca Cola India needed most were safer and more solid grounds to compete on. While there were a lot of external factors and hidden risks which were out of Coca Colas control, better management of these situations would have lead to better results (as discussed in question 1). Although its clear that Coca Cola made mistakes in its market entry stage; it was also a bit unlucky; maybe due to its hasty decision in entering the market. How can Pepsi and Coke confront the issues of water use in the manufacture of their products? How can they defuse further boycotts or demonstrations against their products? How effective are activist groups like the one that launched the campaign in California? Should Coke address the group directly or just let the furor subside, as it surely will? The Coca Cola Company used 290 billion liters of water in 2006 alone, enough to meet the entire worlds drinking water needs for 10 days (Amit Srivastava, July 30, 2007). This fresh water was mainly used to clean their equipment in the production process, turning two thirds of this water into waste water. One must note that this is done in a country where water shortage is a meagre problem. Therefore both multi-national must take the bull by the horn and change the way they do certain procedures without hiding but being sincere. More efficient ways of cleaning must be found to waste less water and be more responsible towards the Indian nation. Coca-Cola has lately announced a partnership of US $20 billion over three years between them and the world wildlife fund on water conservation. This will help in rebuilding the trust with the Indian population so as to succeed in the Indian market. An element of corporate social responsibility is important for companies to work better within for eign market. Bad publicity can damage a companys reputation definitely. This was clearly experienced by both PepsiCo and Coca Cola India. Although advisory boards were created and purity tests were conducted in order to avoid further boycotts or demonstrations against their products, this was not enough. Better use of Public Relations would have been a first step. Having conducted purity tests, the next step would be that of communicating the results in an effective way. Choosing to deny the accusations and then presenting these tests could have been felt as a pique. The use of press releases and open days at the factories showing the process for example would have made both the government and the general public more participant. Moreover, trying to deal with the government by emphasizing on corporate social responsibility could have gained governments trust and thus earn a safer position in exchange. Offering a percentage of their profits to help in building schools or hospitals in India could h ave been an idea. Activist groups, like the one in California, are very powerful. They can be great allies but also worst enemies for a company. Their influence on the general Coke consumer is great as they reach the consumer directly through various activities; and in turn these consumers force manufacturers/ suppliers etc to take action. In fact, the campaigns in California led to several bottling plants closing down as well as the discontinuation of contracts with Coca Cola. Coke should address the group directly avoiding accusations of trying to hide its activities and actions. In this way it would defend itself and would also be able to regain its credibility and continue building its image by being proactive. Another reason why it should do so is to gain trust of customers since it claims it has nothing to hide by being truthful and giving an answer instead of waiting for the rumors, accusations and scandal to subside. Which of the 2 companies do you think has better long term prospects for success in India? The two companies in question are strong multinationals which are widespread around the world. Some might argue that on world terms Coca-Cola is the strongest brand out of the two. However after analyzing the case in hand it is evident that both companies could have handled situations different leading to different results. The success or lack of it in the first years in a foreign country can be very helpful in predicting the future of the company. Pepsi on the one hand has already a great market share and sustainable brand recognition. On the other hand, Coca Colas conflicts with the Indian government are not very promising. Having a good relationship with authorities is vital for growth. Both multi-nationals have been successful in developing marketing strategies aimed at increasing the consumption of carbonated soft drinks. Moreover, they were both very successful in glocalization as seen earlier. Some argue that PepsiCo was most successful through the use of Basmati rice (considered a luxury type of rice) in its sales promotions while others consider Coca Colas depiction of Bollywood stars its advertising campaigns as being impeccable. Moreover, Coca Cola India was always the initiator of the new ventures/strategies, but failed to follow through. PepsiCo followed Coca Colas initial ideas, going that step further. In fact, PepsiCo was more successful in engaging the local people with its brand. Statistically, Pepsi has had constant growth during its occupancy in a stable pattern. Long term investors seem to prefer Pepsi Co due to its promise of future expansion. If a company invests in Pepsi Co today, PepsiCo is promising a rise of almost 100 more points by 2015. Coca Cola India seems to be attracting more those who believe in fixed income, as its investments seem to be fluctuating less. Regarding direct competition, Coca-Cola still trails behind Pepsi in terms of market share which could signify that Pepsi has a better overall strategy for success. Coca Cola seems to be struggling more to survive in such a dynamic and growing market. All in all, the current situation does point more towards Pepsi as being more successful than Coca Cola in the Indian market. What lessons can each company draw from its Indian experience as it contemplates entry into other Big Emerging Markets? It seems that prior market research was most overlooked by both companies. Deep market research including all the PESTLE elements is vital in order to understand how to do business in the foreign country. As stated in the text: In many ways, Coke and Pepsi managers got to learn the hard way that what works here does not always work there. Moreover, on-going environmental scanning is important in order to be able to anticipate matters rather than being re-active to situations. With specific measures in place, both companies could have avoided all the bad publicity on their brand names. Both companies should also have focused more on education of their products. Most probably, many emerging countries lack knowledge of their brands and also lack certain infrastructures and standards of living present in other developed countries. PepsiCo lessons learnt Pepsi realized how important it is to understand and keep with local tastes thus focusing on the clear lemon category which was a great hit in India. It is also beneficial to pay attention to market trends in order to position your product accordingly. A very important point for Pepsi in India was the pricing policy and bottle sizes. Adapting your communication mix as well as distribution methods to the market is also a key point. Local celebrity appeals made for exceptional advertising for PepsiCo. Coca Cola India lessons learnt While also realizing the importance of paying attention to market trends; Coca Cola surely realizes the importance of investing in local products. While not investing in Thums Up brand for the first couple of years, decreasing market share from 60% of total carbonated beverage sales to 15%, after a substantial investment, Thums Up ranked second nationwide within a year. The importance of timing of entry should not be overlooked. Coca Cola entered the market at a poor time because they had to agree to abide by all of the Foreign Investment Laws of that year Defining your target audiences more specifically than what Coca Cola did in India could have helped for better targeting/positioning and thus advertising of products. Coca Cola separated its markets as India A and India B without any further differentiation through for example age, gender, language, interests, location. Establishing a good business relationship with the host countrys government and/or any other governmental or non-governmental groups present in the country is also vital as these could act either as a source of advantage or could impede your success. Coca Cola made a mistake in trying to get out of its promises. It had already made a mistake by entering the contract they did. By continuing to apply for extensions and attempting to deny voting rights for the Indian stake, Coca Cola India was only tarnishing its public image and destroying its relationship with the government. Finally, as Venkatesh Mysore, (Managing Director, MetLife India Insurance Company Pvt. Ltd. In Bangalore) said: It is extremely important for MNCs to follow the laws of the land, and not look for short-cuts (Ashok Rao et al. 2006).

An Analysis of the Poem A Prayer for My Daughter by William Butler Yeat

"A Prayer for My Daughter" is a poem written by William Butler Yeats in 1919. This poem is a prayer-like poem. And it generally tells about the poet's ideas about his daughter who is sleeping at the same time while the poem is being told. Throughout the poem Yeats reflects how he wants his daughter's future to be. This essay will analyze the poem in three sections: 1- What does this poem mean?, 2- The poetic devices, imagery, rhyming, figures of speech, used in the poem and mood, diction, language, and the structure of the poem, 3- An essay in a feminist point of view titled "What does the poet want his daughter to become?" . 1-WHAT DOES THIS POEM MEAN? The poet is watching his infant daughter sleep. In the first stanza he starts with describing the setting of the poem. It is stormy outside, there is a kind of dark and gloomy weather and he prays for her. And he says that he has gloom in his mind and we will understand that what gloom is that in his mind. In the second stanza the poet describes the things while he was praying for his daughter. He walks for an hour and notices the "sea-wind scream upon the tower", "under the arches of the bridge", "in the elms above the flooded stream." They probably represent the dreaming of the human beings and they are decisive. They are all about the present things and they block people from thinking about the future events. The last four lines of the second stanza clearly explain this idea: "Imagining in excited reverie That the future years had come, Dancing to a frenzied drum, Out of the murderous innocence of the sea." In the third stanza he prays for her beauty, but not too much. He considers the beauty as a decisive element for choosing the right person to ma... ... parts of the ideal woman he has in his mind or its opposites. He supports that a woman should be "a flourishing hidden tree", who is not well-known but beautiful. She shouldn't be anything but "merry." " Innocence" is beautiful in women, that's why if his daughter keeps her innocence inside and do not abuse it, she will not be affected by the "wind." He thinks that too much beauty distorts women, and causes them to destroy the gifts that are given by "Horn of Plenty" thus he wants his daughter to use the gifts wisely and properly. And he wants his daughter to learn the fact that "hearts are earned", and the men, who are deceived by just beauty, will notice their mistake later. He wants her daughter not to have strong opinions like hatred, because he thinks that hatred is the worst thing in the world. He hopes she will marry, and her house will be full of customs.

Speech-Language Pathologists

School Speech-Language Pathologists Hayley K. Mason Ball State University School Speech-Language Psychologists Speech-language pathologists began their impact in schools in 1910 in the Chicago public school systems. These programs commenced due to educators acknowledging how speech and hearing problems affected performance in the classroom. Today, 55% of all speech-language pathologists (SLPs) work in the school systems, 95. 5% of those being females (Plante & Beeson, 2008). They are required to perform a vast array of important tasks.They determine, diagnose, treat, and assist in preventing disorders related to speech, communication, language, and fluency. According to a study done by Plante and Beeson (2008), their caseloads may accommodate multiple handicapped children or those with distinguishing speech and language hindrances. Their work is in-depth and very meticulous. School speech-language pathologists administer distinctive diagnostic tests to help recognize the particul ar area of complications a child encounters. The child may face problems with stuttering, fluency, swallowing, articulation of words, or many other serious cases.Once the impairment of a student is recognized, they write an individualized education plan (IEP). This is comprised of a set of simple goals and objectives for each of their students throughout the duration of the school year. They may work with the students individually, in a small group, or with an entire classroom to accomplish these goals (Plante & Beeson, 2008). Each school day has a fixed number of allotted time slots for a school SLP. It must be filled with activities mandated by the state, federal laws, or local education problems and procedures (â€Å"Executive summary: A,† 2003).If needed, they may work with other professionals to help treat children. Classroom teachers can aid in sharing with the speech-language pathologist what the child’s struggles with in the classroom. Audiologists and scho ol speech-language pathologists work side-by-side in many cases determining the problems and best treatment fort he child. Occupational therapists, physical therapists, child psychologists, and special education teachers also work together to evaluate a student. Joint evaluation of a child speeds up the process and allows for a diagnosis and treatment methods to be put in place sooner.It is also a benefit because all of these professionals have experience working with this particular population (Plante & Beeson, 2008). Caseloads, not to be confused with workloads, are typically defined as the number of students with IEPs that school SLPs serve directly and/or indirectly. However, in some school districts it might also include those students whom do not have identified disabilities but still receive assistance (â€Å"Executive summary: A,† 2003). By ASHA’s recommendation, the maximum caseload for a school SLP should be no more than 40 students.However, the results f rom the study completed by Katz, Maag, Fallon, Blenkarn, and Smith (2010) suggest that it is typical for a caseload to fluctuate between 45 and 59 students. Too many caseloads can put too much added pressure on a school SLP, causing them to become less satisfied with their job. Job satisfaction is characterized as an attitudinal variable estimating the degree to which employees are pleased by their jobs and the miscellaneous aspects of their jobs (Edgar & Rosa-Lugo, 2007). Speech-language pathologists exceeding 40 caseloads expressed significantly less satisfaction with their career choice.They felt pressured by lack of time in completing assessments compared to those with fewer caseloads (Katz, Maag, Fallon, Blenkarn & Smith, 2010). Most employees’ voice that having reliable coworkers, enough time to get work done, and a friendly supervisor all contribute to higher job satisfaction. This in turn correlates to their likelihood to remain in the profession (Katz et al, 2010). Those who have been in the profession for a greater number of years have a higher job satisfaction than those who are just starting out.Although, they are often unsatisfied with their opportunity for promotion or advancement in the field, fellow coworkers, pay and pay rises, and their primary supervisor (Edgar & Rosa-Lugo, 2007). Despite some downfalls, school speech-language pathology is a fast growing career. Numerous states across the United States have undergone a significant net gain in population. Immigration levels are on the rise in states such as New York, Florida, Minnesota, California, and Texas. Thus, increasing the number of speech-language pathologists needed in school districts (Edgar & Rosa-Lugo, 2007). There will be a larger demand for speech-language athologists that specialize with certain age groups, especially school-age children. Currently, there are approximately 54,120 speech-language pathologists working in private and public school systems. B y 2020, that number is expected to increase by more than 12,000 employed school speech-language pathologists (U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012). There are countless benefits that are enticing more people into the field. Mothers (and sometimes fathers) of school-age children enjoy that their working hours are very similar to their children’s schedules. They can work full-time and still get their child off the school bus everyday.Majority of school SLPs (93%) only work 9-10 months out of the year, allowing them to have the summers off to spend with their families but still be paid on an annual basis (Brook, 2012). Generous benefit packages are usually offered, including health, dental, and vision insurance programs and maternity leave. Furthermore, the salary of a school speech-language pathologist also definitely has its advantages. Salary fluctuates depending on years of experience, geographic location, and type of school system. According to the results of a study done by Brook (2012), the median earning of a school speech-language pathologist was around $58,000.Those who work in the Northeast region have a higher median income those who work in alternative regions of the country, especially the South and Midwest. By working in a suburban or metropolitan area, school SLPs are likely to make about $10,000 more than those working in rural areas. Secondary and elementary school speech-language pathologists generally have a higher income than those who work with in preschools. Those with 28 years of experience or more made up to $25,000 more than those first starting out in the profession (Brook, 2012). A range fluctuating between 88% and 94% of school SLPs were paid on an annual basis. .