What Makes a Good Chemistry Term Paper Simple Chemistry Term Paper Tips for Beginners

What Makes a Good Chemistry Term Paper Simple Chemistry Term Paper Tips for Beginners When it’s time to start writing your chemistry term paper, chances are you’ll find yourself in the middle of new questions or asking yourself, ‘OK, what am I supposed to do next?’ You can get some fresh ideas based on thinking about actions you’re supposed to complete before actual writing that may be useful later when you work on the rough draft. Getting started is the most difficult part. It’s obvious that you have to conduct in-depth research on the topic and take notes. However, there are some other aspects that busy students usually forget about when they begin their writing journey. The following chemistry term paper tips are important to take as they won’t let you deviate from the chosen path. Know your audience. You need to know who your target reader is and what kind of content he/she will expect to receive from you. Knowing who is on the other side will impact your research, the experiments you’ll perform and the data you’ll make use of. Understand your starting point. You can choose to provide a list of recourses you’ re going to use later; to craft an outline that will become the ‘skeleton’ of your project or to research your topic if you’ve got one. Proper planning is a perfect start for a chemistry term paper. Choose the topic. The field of chemistry has a bunch of hot topics, which means it’s highly important to know your interests and passions in the subject to choose the issue you’ll be able to research effectively. Topics If you want to craft a unique project in the area of chemistry, it’s all about the topic. Actually, about picking one. Most chemistry term papers are completed in a formulaic style, so whether you choose to write about the most recent advances in battery science or Mary Curie and the way she influenced modern Chemistry, it’ll be written in the same way. Since chemical processes and interactions can be seen in everything that occurs day to day, chances are you’ll end up with a bunch of term paper topics (usually very similar to each other!) just waiting for you to explore them. Choosing an attractive topic should come down to the following: Your main idea is your passion. Chemistry can get boring faster than you think if you’re dealing with the wrong concepts of it. If you’re particularly interested in something, it’s time to look closely into it! The point here is that your passion may lead you to the brand-new discoveries. Your lab tools and other resources. If you’re lucky enough to have direct access to the chemistry equipment and the lab itself, you’ll face more term paper options to stick to. Feel free to set yourself apart from your classmates by using one of the topics offered below: Theory and Computation in Catalysts; Explaining the Reasons Why the Matter Exists i Three Distinct States; The Links Between the Synthetic And Biological Worlds; Atomic Structure: The Electronic Structure and the Nuclear Structure of Atoms; Similarities in the Sildenafil and Amitriptyline Compositions; How Inorganic and Organic Molecules Differ under the Microscope; Acid Rain and Its Human Body Implications; The Bond Between the Noble Gasses and Fluorine; Vitamin Deficiencies in Humans; The Difference Between Distilled And Deionized Water; Svante Arrhenius Father of Physical Chemistry. There are great topics to research and discuss, as the academics do not cease to debate these issues within the field. Plus, this also means that you’ll find a plethora of sources to turn into the ingredients of your term paper, which is a must for this type of assignment. Drafting a Thesis Statement: A Sample by Our Top Writers At this point, you’re required to sketch up a solid thesis statement that is a single sentence including your topic and your viewpoint. In other words, the thesis statement serves as the author’s answer to the central question or issue of your research. With this element at hand, you’ll be able to see where you’re going and to remain on the right track as you write. Before getting started, decide on what you want to write about and make your thesis statement both precise and appealing. If you’ve decided to know more about the personal life of Madam Curie, the thesis statement that will definitely work out is out there: ‘In 1891, Marie Curie finally made her way to Paris, where she became a part of a professional community of Sorbonne. The lady scientist threw herself into chemistry studies, but she had to pay the price for such a dangerous dedication. With little budget, she survived on a poor diet, which made her organism suffer.’ Introduction The key function of the intro is to introduce the readers to the chemistry topic and to outline the structure of the term paper. It includes a specific set of information and is composed in accordance with some formal rules. The introduction of the chemistry term paper makes up nearly one-tenth of the whole project. For a typical term paper, this part is usually entitled â€Å"Introduction† without any quotation marks. Provide a paragraph that includes a quick overview of the key argument within the criticism related to the paper topic. The main questions that you may address in this sections indirectly are ‘To what extent can this focus enrich the experiments conducted previously?’ or ‘Why do the results of the analysis/experiment matter in the context of the chosen topic?’. It is crucial to remain clear in the way you go on with conceptualizing your own findings. Elaborate on your thesis statement. How exactly are you going to perform your research? Provide a short outline of how you’re going to approach the topic and in which order the issues will be dealt with. Plus, mention the theories that you use and the aspects that you analyze: ‘A remarkable method for the organic compounds’ synthesis is the addition reaction of nucleophiles to the activated alkynes. The results of the addition mentioned before lie in zwitterionic species that can be trapped with a range of electrophiles or proton donors.’ The best way to structure your introduction is to follow the three-move approach shown below: Step 1. Set a Research Territory (e.g. Radioactive Isotopes) a. Show that the general research area is interesting, crucial and problematic in some way (‘Radioactive isotopes have many useful applications. In medicine, for instance, cobalt-60 is widely employed as a source of radiation to arrest the development of cancer’). b. Present and review elements of prior research in the area of chemistry (‘Frederick Soddy, English radiochemist, did much of his research on the basis of the products of radioactive decay. In the early 1900s, he had learned that radioactive substances such as thorium and radium transmuted into other elements as they decayed’). Step 2. Choose a Niche (Isolation of Deuterium; Application of Tritium in Nuclear Fusion, etc.) a. Introduce a gap in the previous research, or extend previous knowledge by some means. Step 3. Occupy the Niche a. Outline purposes or state the nature of the present research. b. List the research questions or hypotheses. c. Announce principle findings. d. State the value of the present research (‘Without a doubt, Isotopes will find even more uses in this century. For although the periodic table comprises 118 elements at the moment, there are up to 3300 known nuclides (the isotopes together with their various nuclear energy states). The biggest part of science happens on that wider playing field, which can later bring dozens of benefits to society’). e. Indicate the structure of the research paper. Main Part The body of the chemistry term paper is the place, where you have to provide the actual implementation of your argumentation. It must be logically comprehensible and clear. Here, you include the arguments that prove the thesis statement you’ve inserted in your introduction by going into details related to those aspects you’d like to concentrate on. The structure of the main part will depend on the objective of the paper. For that reason, there are no strict rules on how many chapters your Chemistry term paper must comprise and which aspects must be considered. To cut a long story short: Divide the body of the term paper into sections and subsections. Each element should comprise a key point in the argument or any relevant data. Develop your arguments in a comprehensive manner, step-by-step. Feel free to quote certain positions/viewpoints and then disprove them or contrast them with your own (‘Contrary to the Global Chemistry Experiment conducted by UNESCO, it is reasonable to†¦, because †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢). All literature that you make use of in the process of work requires a reference. This applies to the quotation of the data, ideas, and text. Predict and address the alternative explanations of the results. The point is that commenting on potential doubts will help you to avoid any misunderstanding and false interpretation of your results. Besides, the evaluation of the alternative explanations might serve as a logical step to the research context. Show how your chemistry findings fit into the general picture of the current research, as well as how your term paper contributes to the existing knowledge in the scientific community. Smooth Transitions Keep your reader in mind as you write your Chemistry term paper. Sum up your results at the end of every section. Moreover, it’s recommended to openly point out the relationships between the separate segments of your project with the help of transitions and road-mapping to inform your reader on where he/she is going. Thus, they will be able to enjoy your content and easily orient in the world you’ve created. The End The concluding paragraph of the term paper in the field of chemistry summarizes the key arguments of the project, as well as adds the results of the of the main part to the thesis statement. A helpful strategy here is to read and re-read the introduction, the discussion and the results to craft a well-structured conclusion that will sum up the paper’s focus. Refer back to the issue you’ve researched, and describe the conclusion that you reached in the process of work, sum up interpretations and observations: We have described the reaction between dibenzoylacetylene and 4-alkylaminocoumarins and in DMSO and THF/H2O. The reaction of dibenzoylacetylene with 4-alkylaminocoumarins in THF/H2O (50:50) leads to the formation of 4-(alkylamino)-3-(1,4-dioxo-1,4-diphenylbut-2-en-2-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one derivatives in good yields. Think through the limitations and strengths of your research (suitability of the chosen methods, the fruitfulness of questions, perspective for further debates, broader implication of the results, etc.). Don’t simply include the introduction into the concluding section of the term paperwork for word. Provide your readers with the ultimate feeling that your term paper was worthwhile to read, as well as encourage further thinking. It’s late at night and you’re about to finish your term paper for the chemistry class. Regardless of the outcome, you know you’re going to submit your paper tomorrow. What is even more important is that you have the writing strategy that you’re going to keep for your future term papers, for doing research and taking notes, for conducting experiments and reviewing previous researches. You’re not going to lose your grade and, who knows, will become a productive chemist one day. But for now, celebrate the end of the writing process, which was made possible thanks to this chemistry term paper guide!

Death in Vienna essays

Death in Vienna essays The holocaust, which took place between 1941 and 1945, refers to the organized genocide of millions of jews in Nazi controlled Europe. An efficient system was established to see through what is known as the final solution. Prior to the end of the war, many Nazis knew of the impending punishment for their crimes angainst humanity and fled. Others were able to effectively cover their tracks and continue to live normal lives indifferent of the atrocities in which they were active participants. A Death in Vienna is a novel about how the crimes of the holocaust reverberate in the modern day. While the holocaust kills approximately 6 million european jews, it did not successfully kill them all. When the war comes to an end many of the survivors are left with no family, in the middle of remote places. Instictively, many of these people decide to return home only to find that other people have come to inhabit their home. Among these people is Max Klein. A talanted violinist, Max manages to survive the holocaust and move back to his home in Vienna. Max lives there for the rest of his life and in his elderly years frequents a coffee shop where he discusses politics with another patron, Henirich Vogel. Klein, however, recognizes Vogel as a commander at a concentration camp who mercilessly killed innocent people. Klein is hurt that vogel is not forced to face repurcussions for his actions. Although Vogel may have commited the crime many years ago, and although vogel is now a changed man, klein is disturbed that such heinous crimes would go unpunished. The effects of the holocaust are not limited to victims themselves but also the desendants of victims. The main character, Gabriel Allon, decides at first to find out who Vogel really is (as his identity has been changed) for max klein. Later, Allon recognizes Vogel from his mothers artwork as the man who had threatened her life and killed her best friends. Allon blam ...

2014 Scholarship Essay Contest Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

2014 Contest - Scholarship Essay Example Besides, students at Wayland Baptist University are also sensitive to people from diverse backgrounds. They show respect and integrity by treating people from diverse backgrounds and indeed everyone, with care, kindness and compassion. That way, they become trustworthy and dependable for whatever duty they are called to serve because they do it from the bottom of their hearts. Other values that exemplify students at Wayland Baptist University are excellence and innovation. By understanding that every duty is a service unto the Lord God, students give their best to achieve excellent results. They also commit themselves to make effort to improve the world around them through innovation and research. That way, they come out as responsible members who are sensitive to the people and environment around them. Such values not only enable students to acquire positive attributes required in life, but also enhance their spiritual development. Upon completion of my degree program at Wayland Baptist University, I will use the knowledge and attributes gained to do the following. First, I will use the knowledge and attributes gained to improve the community through being a community watchdog. From wherever disposition of life the Lord God shall grant me, I will use that platform to ensure that justice prevails in the society. That is to imply that I shall not hesitate to rebuke evil and corruption of human beings in the society. Human beings become corrupt before God when they advance their own self-interests at the expense of others. They oppress the widows and the orphans as well as the weak. They do not give the full measure of what others deserve to get in various bargains of life. As long as I shall be privy to such information, I will rebuke such deeds to promote fairness, justice and ethical behaviors. I will also share the positive teachings I have learned at Wayland Baptist University with others in the community so

Above and beyond the call of duty Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Above and beyond the call of duty - Article Example Shes actually been on active duty for only 16 years and counting. Prior to donning Army fatigues she was married to Donald Ross. It was a union that produced a son, Donald Jr. now aged 12. She also has a 3 year old daughter, Sondra Lee Peebles. Certain difficulties in her marriage brought their union to an abrupt end and Mary-Margaret was left with custody of her two children. It was during these financially times that she decided to volunteer for active Army service. She has led a physically active lifestyle as far back as she can remember so it came as no surprise to her and those who know there when she breezed through the physical tests and rigid military training program. This woman is so fit that she scores a whopping 299 out of 30 on her Physical Fitness tests -- on a bad day. She expects nothing less of herself, after all, she spends a regular amount of time at the gym where she concentrates on stamina, speed, and accuracy training. Major Ross has been in active military service for the past 16 years and shows no signs of slowing down. Neither does she entertain thoughts of retiring early from military service. She enjoys having the opportunity to be able to give back to the country which has treated her so well and fairly throughout her life, and she intends to keep paying it forward for as long as she can. Most of her active duty has been spent overseas with her spending two years in active Army service in Korea and another two years in England. Amazingly enough, Mary-Margaret Ross still finds time in her already jam-packed schedule to attend Doctoral Studies in the field of Education. Although she does not currently entertain any ideas of leaving the military, she recognizes the fact that her time to leave the service will eventually come. Having completed her Education studies, she chose to enroll in the doctorate program so that she could teach children on a higher level in the future. As a currently

Analysis LA Fitness in England Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Analysis LA Fitness in England - Essay Example The main reason behind expansion of LA Fitness is that it wants to offer a wide range of services in the new markets in order to ensure the success of the business in the international market as well. The company plans to expand in England. Some of the driving points, which would enable the company to expand its business in the foreign markets and achieve success, are given below: 1. The increasing awareness related to the health issues as well as concern towards obesity and its effects amongst the people of England, will act as one of the key element in acceptance of the business operations of LA Fitness in the country. 2. Increasing wish of controlling and maintaining weight, avoiding various health issues and reducing daily stress influences individuals to visit the health clubs almost regularly. This is one of the main reasons behind LA Fitness’s business expansion plans into the international market. 3. LA Fitness provides services to meet the needs of the customers and o ffer them facilities for most of their health and fitness needs. This would help them in achieving success in their business operations in the international market easily. 4. The consumers would be offered different exercise regimes. Well differentiated service offered by the company would enable it in developing recognition in the new market. LA Fitness provides customized training services for meeting the personal needs of each and every member and gives them chance to choose the best suitable work out for themselves. Industry Analysis using Porter’s Five Forces Analysis would help in understanding the reason behind the expansion of the company in the chosen Country. Porter’s Five Forces analysis Porter’s five forces analysis would help in performing the industry analysis of health and fitness industry in England (Alkhafaji, 2003; Porter, 1980; 1998). Competition from the existing firms- There are many health clubs in England, which offer health and fitness se rvices to the customers. Thus the competition from the existing firms is very high (David, 1986). However, LA Fitness provides customer friendly services to its members. It is better than its competitors, as it treats its customers as family members and provide them good training. The fitness market is having a growth of certain percentage every year. The company has huge scope of achieving competitive advantage over its competitors by expanding the fitness clubs and hiring large number of employees in the new market, who would provide good services. Bargaining power of buyers- The bargaining power of the buyers is very high in England as there are a large number of fitness clubs offering services to the customers (Davis, 2008). There are a large number of alternative options for them. This increases their bargaining power. Moreover, 10 to 15 percent of buyers of the health clubs do not renew their membership as they do not find it interesting anymore. LA Fitness would have to advan ce its services by utilization of latest technologies in order to retain its buyers in the new market. Threat of substitutes: There are various substitutes for health clubs. People can consume healthy food; go for cycling or walking after eating. There are many individuals who play sports regularly in order to stay healthy. Some of them do labor work, which keeps them physically fit. Some visit doctors and maintain fixed diet in order to remain aware of the nutrients.

The Triad Essay Example for Free

The Triad Essay This paper seeks to analyze and discuss whether there is basis to agree to the proposition that the Triad is the fast track to company globalisation and standardisation. We will try to evaluate whether theory and evidence supports such proposition.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First we should know what is the Triad is.   Moore and Rugman (2005) in discussing, ‘Globalization is about Regionalization’ said that the word â€Å"triad† was coined by Japanese consultant and author Kenichi Ohmae which refers to the economies of Western Europe, North America and a small number of East Asian nations, particularly Japan. Moore and Rugman (2005) quoted Ohmae to have argued that these economies are the critical ones from a viewpoint of innovation, trade and investment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The classification of the countries into triad is based on the viewpoint of innovation, trade and investment.   This means that these countries would take the lead in introducing new products ahead of other countries in the world and it also happened that these few countries in the triad are ones   with high GDP according to the last available data from World Bank (Wikipedia- GDP, 2006) (Paraphrasing made).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus Moore and Rugman (2005) agreed with Wikipedia when they categorized a triad whereby MNEs around the world belongs.   They said: â€Å"The vast majority of Fortune 500 companies on which we could compile data (320 MNEs) are home-triad based, having only modest sales in the other two regions.   A set of 36 are â€Å"bi-regional,† with at least 20 percent of their sales in two parts of the triad.   Only 10 of the 500 are truly global, with at least 20 percent of their sales in all three parts of the triad.   Overall, this is a picture of regionalization, not globalization.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In proving the result of the study, Moore and Rugman (2005) they had examined the Fortune Global 500 which deals the largest firms by revenues in the world and found out that the intra-regional sales of 380 of the 500 firms were included in the list.   The author noted that these 380 firms account for 79.2% of the total revenues of all 500 firms.   Thus, researchers concluded that the average revenue for a firm in the top 500 was $28 billion, ranging from Wal-Mart at $220 billion to Takenaka at $10 billion and that the average sales revenue of a firm in the set of 380 firms was $29.2 billion.   Most notable too, is the authors’ finding that across these 380 firms, the average intra-regional sales represent 71.9% (Moore and Rugman, 2005) (Paraphrasing made).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Knowing what the triad is, we should know what globalization is. Jessup, (n.d.) said:   â€Å"Strategically, globalization refers to actors attempts to promote the global coordination of activities on a continuing basis within (but not necessarily across) different institutional orders or functional systems. Such attempts can be pursued through different material and social technologies on the interpersonal, inter-organizational, inter-institutional, or inter-systemic levels.†   The author gave the following examples to illustrate globalization: interpersonal networking; strategic alliances orchestrated by transnational enterprises (alliances which may include more local or regionally-based firms as well as not-for-profit organizations); the institutional design of international regimes to govern particular fields of action; and projects for world government or global governance. Further, Jessup, (n.d.) noted that the forms of coordination proposed for globalization vary widely and none are guaranteed to succeed witness the market-led globalization favoured by the World Bank, the horizontal global governance favoured by proponents (especially NGOs) of international regimes, and plans for more top-down inter-state (or even world) government.   Hence, he inferred that what is generally labelled nowadays as economic globalization rarely, if ever, involves full structural integration and strategic coordination across the globe (Paraphrasing made).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  The term globalization, however, has a very broad meaning for it could also mean cultural integration.   IEL (1999) thus stated that the degree of adaptation or resistance to foreign cultural schemata varies among societies, citing the Schumpeterian concept of creative destruction where there is there is a constant struggle between groups that wish to speed up the process of integrating new ideas, processes, and products and those who want to slow down the speed of losing existing norms (IEL, 1999) (Paraphrasing made).   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We are then directed to know what standardization is.   Wikipedia (2006) defined standardization, â€Å"in the context related to technologies and industries, is the process of establishing a technical standard among competing entities in a market, where this will bring benefits without hurting competition. It can also be viewed as a mechanism for optimizing economic use of scarce resources such as forests, which are threatened by paper manufacture. As an example, all of Europe now uses 230 volt 50 Hz AC mains grids and GSM cell phones, and (at least officially) measures lengths in metres.†Ã‚   It added that in the context of social criticism and social sciences, standardization often means the process of establishing standards of various kinds, and improving efficiency to handle people, their interactions, cases, and so forth (Paraphrasing made).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After knowing the concepts, is there now basis to agree that the Triad is the fast track to company globalisation and standardisation?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the basis of the evidence presented that the countries belonging to the triad are the MNEs who have proven track records in their revenues as those belonging to top as per Fortune magazine, and relating now the same to concept of globalization which may be summarized as going to the global market through various means, we could say the triad is fast track to globalization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     As far as path to standardization is concerned, which could mean mechanism for optimizing economic use of scarce resources or improving efficiency to handle people and their interactions, we could also say that the triad is the obvious path because it is there where competing companies for globalization are found. It is argued that globalization produces competition leading to standardization.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hence, we could say that triad could really be a fast track for an aspiring company wanting to have globalization and standardization since the triad provides the venue and the opportunities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To conclude, it could be said that will eventually trigger globalization while the latter will result in economic integration of the whole world. .   Globalization is seen to promote further interdependence among countries in East Asian economies as they pass through different stages of development.   MNE being classified as triad-based MNEs indicate that triad first conquers first their own region or triad to sell their products before actually becoming global, hence a company must first become a major player in a country within the triad, then it becomes regional until it becomes global.   However, being part of the triad based does not mean that they will eventually become global, because strategy is still a choice.   Bibliography: Jessop, B. (n.d.) Reflections on Globalization and Its (Il)logic(s), Lancaster University, Department of Sociology{www document} URL   http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fss/sociology/papers/jessop-reflections-on-globalization.pdf, Accessed October 28,2006 International Economic Letter, Number 52 (1999), Globalism {www document} URL http://www.sba.oakland.edu/econpage/newsletters/NewsLetter52.htm ,   Accessed October 28,2006 Moore and Rugman (2005), Globalization is about Regionalization, Mcgill International Review, {www document}   URL   http://www.irsam.ca/mir/Moore%5B27-30%5D.pdf, Accessed October 28,2006   Wikipedia, 2006, Standardization {www document} URL   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization, Accessed December 8, 2006. Wikipedia, 2006, List of Countries by GDP, {www document} URL   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29, Accessed October 28,2006

Effect of Electromagnetic Field of Mobile Phones

Effect of Electromagnetic Field of Mobile Phones Introduction Mobile phones have become indispensable as communication tools in the present world. From 1990 to 2013, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew from 12.4 million to over 6.8 billion, penetrating more than 95% of the global population and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid to cater to the lower socioeconomic groups as well (International Telecomunication union, Geneva). The Indian telecom industry has undergone market liberalization at a very rapid pace and grown since 1990. Today, India has become one of the fastest growing telecom markets in the world. India is the world’s second largest mobile phone user base with over 929.37 million users in the year 2012 (Mittal Anuj 2013) (TRAI). Widespread mobile phone ownership and usage has aroused public concern over possible harmful biological effects of their use. Electromagnetic frequencies of mobile phones emit radiations between the 800 MHz and 2000 MHz, which causes excitation and rotation of water molecules and some other organic molecules, hence causing thermal and non-thermal effects on humans (Frey AH, 1998). Effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) transmitted by mobile phones over human health, is a matter of public and scientific concern. Burning sensation and sensation of warmth around the ear (Oftedal G 2000), headache (Frey AH, 1998), sleep disturbance (Borbely AA, 1999), changes in the cognitive functions and neural activity (Preece AW,1999) (Hamblin DL, 2004), as well as changes such as decrease in the cerebral blood flow and alteration in functioning of blood brain barrier has been reported as the effects of mobile phones use. (Fritze K) (Haarala C, 2003). The potential carcinogenic effects of radiations emitted from mobile phones is controversial (Repacholi MH, 1997) (Moulder JE, 1999). Therefore, any biological effect related to mobile phone use, should be considered as a high-priority health issue. The hearing system is in the close proximity to the mobile phone so hearing system is potentially the most affected target for thermal and non-thermal effects. The external ear provides the route by which electro-magnetic frequencies from mobile phones reach the peripheral and central auditory system, which leads to relatively high energy deposition in the ear. The auditory system and particularly the cochlear outer hair cells (OHC) are known to be highly sensitive to a variety of exogenous and endogenous factors. Externally applied electrical and magnetic fields are known to produce some hearing sensation in the ear (Watanabe Y, 2000). Proximity of ear to electromagnetic source may lead to even larger damage and side effects such as hearing loss. One report, released from researchers at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research in Chandigarh, India, revealed that people who talk on a cell phone for more than an hour a day were found to have suffered losses of hig h-frequency hearing (Panda NK, 2010). However, little attention has been paid to the effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) of mobile phones on hearing. Till date, the interaction between electromagnetic fields (EMF) emitted by mobile phones and auditory function is not well established. Clear conclusions cannot be drawn from studies available, about the presence or absence of effects because of the limited sample sizes and short duration of studies. Despite of all these evidence, only recently, some studies have analyzed the effects of mobile phones on the human auditory system. However, the results are not consistent and are variable among different study designs. Only limited research data concerning interaction between EMF emitted by mobile phones and auditory function and possible impact on hearing, are available in the literature. The animal experiment, distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) did not show statistically significant changes on the outer hair cells functionality of adult as well as developing rats exposed to EMF at 900-1800 MHz frequencies for 1–2 h per day for 30 days(Parazzini M,2002) (Kizilay A, 2003). No appreciable change was seen in evoked otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) and none of the subjects reported a deterioration in hearing threshold level after 10 minutes exposure to the EMFs emitted by mobile phones in a recent human experiment to study the effects of the EMF of mobile phones on hearing status(Ozturan O, 2002). Other studies based on the brainstem evoked audiometry response (BERA) concluded that 30 minutes of mobile phone use has no adverse effect on the human auditory system(Arai N) (Gà ¡bor Stefanics, 2007). These small number of publications show that there is a big gap in the knowledge of potential biological effects of cellular phone use on hearing. Mobile phone is based on the two way radio communication between a portable handset and closest base station. Cellular system divides the city into small cells, which vary from hundreds of metre in densely populated areas, to kilometres in the sparsely populated areas. Each cell has abase stationthat consists of a tower and a small building containing the radio equipment. A cell phone is aduplexdevice, which means that there are two different frequencies, one for talking and another separate frequency for listening. Therefore, both persons can talk on the call at the same time. Mobile phones operate withincells, and they can switch cells as from one cell to another as we move around from one place to another. This gives cell phones this incredible range, because the call is transferred between the base stations (cell) without interruption. The radio communications utilizes electromagnetic waves at frequency around 900 MHz to carry information via small change in the wave’s frequency. A base station antenna typically radiates the radiations of about 60 Watts and a handset emits the radiations of 1-2 Watts. The antenna of a mobile phone emits radiations equally in all directions but a base station, unlike cell phone, produces a beam that is much more directional. There are two common technologies used by mobile-phone networks for transmitting information: TDMA [(Time Division Multiple Access) also known as GSM(Global System for Mobile communications)] does it by chopping the signals into sequential time frames. Each user of the channel takes turns to transmit and receive signals. In reality, only one person is using the channel at a given point of time. One of the important features of GSM system is theSubscriber Identity Module (SIM card). The SIM is a small, detachablesmart card, which contains the users subscription information (i.e. validity and talktime) and phone book. This allows the user to retain his or her information while switching mobile phone handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change service provider while retaining the handset, by changing the SIM card. GSM is currently the market leader in mobile phone industry (Michel Mouly, 1992). CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) The CDMA is based on spread spectrum technology which uses the whole bandwidth available. This allows each user to transmit frequency to the entire spectrum at all the time. CDMA uses a type of digital modulation called spread spectrum. CDMA spreads the voice data over the channel in a random fashion. The receiver undoes this randomization and collects the bits together to produce the sound. CDMA is an example ofmultiple accesses, in which several transmitters can send information over a single communication channel at the same time. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies (Andrew J, 1995). GSM phones emit continuous wave pulses, so there is a great need to reduce the exposures to electromagnetic fields emitted from the cell phones with â€Å"continuous wave pulses†. On the other hand CDMA cell phones do not produce these pulses. GSM phones emit about 28 times more radiation when compared to the CDMA mobile phones. Therefore, GSM phones are more biologically harmful as compared to CDMA. Subtle deleterious effects to hearing can be assessed by modalities such as BERA, otoacoustic emission (OAE) and Pure tone audiometry, which measure the cochlear and retrocochlear , outer hair cochlear cell and middle ear functions respectively. In the evaluation of the functional status of auditory nerve and brainstem auditory sensory pathway Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response is a simple and effective method. It is a noninvasive and reproducible method that requires less cooperation of patient and measures the specific part of the auditory pathway. It is not significantly affected by state of consciousness, drugs and variety of environmental factors including other sensory inputs to cortex. BERA is an objective diagnostic tool widely used in modern neurophysiology. It represents the electrical events generated along the auditory pathway which is recorded from the scalp. These responses include several waves related to the specific areas of auditory pathway. Latencies of these waves reflect the neural conduction velocity at corresponding levels of auditory brainstem. Pure tone  audiometry  (PTA) is the keyhearing testused to identifyhearing threshold levels of an individual, enabling determination of the degree, type and configuration of ahearing loss. Thus, it provides the basis for diagnosis and management. PTA is a subjective, behavioral measurement of hearing threshold, as it relies on patient response topure tonestimuli. Therefore, PTA is used on adults and children old enough to cooperate with the test procedure. The initial laboratory exploration of OAEs coincided with, and contributed to, the rapid development of a new understanding of cochlear function. Numerous experiments have demonstrated that OAE are intimately associated with a key feature of the cochlear mechanism that has become known as the â€Å"cochlear amplifier†(Cooper NP, 1997). With OAEs it is possible to demonstrate cochlear mechanical frequency selectivity and nonlinearity and to observe the depression of cochlear activity caused by noise, drugs and medial olivocochlear stimulation. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This study is designed to evaluate the potential effects of electromagnetic field of mobile phones on human ear. Assessment of hearing threshold by pure tone audiometry and there comparison in users and non-users. Assessment of auditory pathway by Brainstem Evoked Response Auditory (BERA), and there comparison in mobile phone users and non-users. Assessment of cochlear function by recording the otoacoustic emissions produced from outer hair cells of inner ear, and there comparison in mobile phone users and non-users.