Law and state coursework 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Law and state coursework 1 - Essay Example Thus in theory, a strong Parliament keeps the government in check. Whether this is true or not, however, has been the subject of lively, sometimes contentious, debate for more than a century. Marshall (1989 pp. 2-4) was of the opinion that the phrase â€Å"Collective responsibility† invokes in the first place that the Crown is advised by a collectivity. Collective responsibility is generally represented as one of the major conventions of the constitution. It involves three sets of practices. The first is the Confidence principle, which requires governments to resign or advise dissolution in case of defeats in the House of Commons (understandably, only defeats on specific motions of no confidence are now thought to compel this consequence). The second, the Unanimity principle, states that all members of the administration speak and vote together and as one in the House of Commons; and the third is the Confidentiality principle, which asserts that members of the administration are entitled to the ministerial prerogative to resist disclosure of information. This last principle has consistently been pleaded as the ground for restricting information that can be given b y civil servants to Parliamentary Select Committees, the press, and the public in general. According to Morley (1889, Marshall e. pp. 17-19), the doctrine of collective responsibility is the most important of four principal features of the British system of Cabinet government. The second principal feature is that the Cabinet is held answerable immediately to the majority of the House of Commons, and through them to the electorate. Thirdly, the Cabinet is selected exclusively from one party, which is the general rule, and which identifies the British Parliament as a ‘strong party’ system. Occasionally this rule is breached, but only on the occasion of some ‘uncommon, peculiar, and transitory

Anatomy and Physiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Anatomy and Physiology - Essay Example The sense of touch helps us detect pain and provides a reflex withdrawal that is naturally and unconsciously prepared before conscious awareness of pain is passed on to the brain (Kippers 2-3). Further, the sense of touch allows us to learn about our surroundings by touching and feeling everything around us (Kippers 2-3). The second function of the nervous system is coordination. Coordination is the body’s ability to receive a number of stimuli through the various senses, which are appropriately coordinated and processed thereby allowing us to give a proper reaction to any given circumstances. The feedback or response given by an individual may vary and depend on character, experience, culture, etc. (Kippers 2-3). Last but not the least function of the nervous system is the ability of a person to have conceptual though or intelligence. Every individual is capable of calculation, imagination, abstract reasoning and creativity that make him or her superior than any other mammal (Kippers 2-3). The peripheral nervous system (PNS is made up of all the other parts of the nervous system excluding the brain and the spinal cord which are parts and segments of the central nervous system (CNS) (Noveguide.com 1-3). The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is divided into two main categories which are: 1) the sensory somatic nervous system and 2) the autonomic nervous system (Novelguide.com 1-3). The sensory somatic nervous system serves as the sensory entrance between the environment or surroundings outside the human body and the CNS. The responses made by the body in this part of the PNS are inclined to be conscious (Noveguide.com 1-3). The sensory somatic nervous system is composed of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves. Other pairs are only for sensory neurons which are mainly engaged in the senses for smell,

Persuasive Thesis- Convince the adult reader to agree with your Essay

Persuasive Thesis- Convince the adult reader to agree with your position on an issue you've recently debated. Work with your own ideas and experiences add no ou - Essay Example This enthusiasm is not shared by those of the religious right or the current presidential administration. This faction is opposed to embryonic stem cell research which they claim as immoral and characterize as devaluing human life, much the same as does abortion, drawing a link between the two. I suggest those who support federal funding of stem cell research are positioned on higher moral ground. Stem cells are basically the building block cells of a human being which are capable of becoming different types of tissue. The main objective for pursuing stem cell research is curing incapacitating ailments such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, spinal cord injuries, strokes and other various diseases. Embryonic stem cells possess the ability to restore defective or damaged tissues which would heal or regenerate organs which have been adversely affected by a degenerative disease. The moral dilemma that surrounds the prohibition of aborted fetuses is the idea of abortion itself. The Bush administration has made it very clear that it is opposed to legal abortions, in at least most circumstances, and has transferred this ideology to its prohibition of embryonic stem cell research. The concept of scientific study of the next stage of development, the fetus, which resulted from an abortion, is unthinkable. This ideology of the administration reflects the minority opinion which opposes abortion and also reflects the majority opinion that is opposed to aborted fetuses of consenting parents being used for experimentation. This reality has no basis in reason. Why would those who claim to be ‘pro-choice’ want to waste the aborted tissue? For that matter, why would pro-lifers want to witness what they believe is a living being tossed away in vain? At least its ‘life’ could have meant something to humanity in a very real way. Whatever moral or political position, the fact is, all these fetuses could have served

Rational choice theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rational choice theory - Essay Example Specifically, rational choice theory also claims that the decision maker knows all the potential alternatives and that s/he makes a decision after evaluating them all (Heath 2001). Decision-making process in organizations can be distinguished as automatic— regular decisions made in accordance to established guiding principles—or non-programmed—choices necessitating new and innovative solutions (White 2006). Furthermore, decisions vary with regard to the level of risk present, ranging from those wherein the results of a decision are fairly definite to those wherein results are considerably indefinite. Indefinite circumstances are communicates as probability statements derived from either subjective or objective facts (Heath 2001). Rational choice theory portrays decision makers as systematically rummaging around appropriate and relevant information to make the best possible decision. This essay will discuss the premises of rational choice theory, its implications on managerial decision making, and the validity of the argument that ‘individuals are rational and normally act as maximizing entrepreneurs’. Rationality is revered in the Western world. A rational choice is one that arises in structured procedures and maximizes a value, regardless if it is marketability, controllability, reliability, efficiency, integrity, or any of numerous other values (Goodin 1998). Observance of any value requires upholding one alternative over another. According to rational choice theory there are major steps to making a rational decision (Allingham 2002). The endeavor is as crucial as the ultimate decision, due to the fact that each step affords an opportunity to re-evaluate the minimized and maximized values (Allingham 2002). The first step is problem definition. This entails identifying key variables under consideration and analyzing the

Why I want to become a voulunteer at Pomona Valley Hospital Essay

Why I want to become a voulunteer at Pomona Valley Hospital - Essay Example In the future I might be interested in working in this industry. The core values of the organization, CHANGE, are aligned with my perspectives and views in life. All organizations should seek to satisfy the customers due to the fact that customers are the people that provide organizations with revenues. Honor and respect are sound ethical principles that can help a company improve its operations and reputation. It is essential for companies to become accountable for their actions. New ideas are needed to apply innovations within an organization. Excellent enables companies to provide the best possible service to its customers. As a volunteer I plan on upholding the values of Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center. These values make sense to me which is the reason why I intend to abide by the mission and vision of the organization. I hope I get an opportunity to join the PVHMC as a

Physics Online Course Essay Example for Free

Physics Online Course Essay 1-How can you demonstrate that water is denser than ice without weighing them? What is the principle involved? Release an ice cube in water; the ice cube will float. The ice cube will displace some water as it â€Å"pushes† the water away. The principle involved is displacement. 2-The density of water is a maximum at 4 °C. Why is this property of water important for aquatic life? The maximum density being attained at   4 °C means that even if the water gets colder, the density will decrease. Therefore, ice (when it forms) floats instead of sinks. This makes the continuity of aquatic life during winter possible. 3-When two different materials are given the same amount of heat will their temperatures increase by the same amount? Explain with reasons? No. It depends on the ability of the materials to conduct heat. 4-It is generally observed that it is more difficult to cook food at high altitudes. Explain the possible reason for this? In higher altitudes, there is lower pressure. This means that water will not boil at 100 °C, but at a lower temperature, making your water not as hot as on sea-level, making cooking time longer. 5-What are the variable factors that affect the pitch (frequency) of a vibrating string? How are these factors controlled in a stringed musical instrument such as a violin? The speed and wavelength of the waves formed by striking an object. A musician controls the frequency through the strings tension and density, by pressing some of the strings. 6-If you want to see yourself fully in a plane mirror, the mirror needs to be only half your height. Draw a ray diagram showing how this is possible. Explain the diagram and principles you used. The image in the mirror looks as if the figure is far away, when in fact, it is right in front of the mirror. This is because the light received by the eye traveled in a straight line as if it came from behind the mirror. The mirror is also laterally inverted, meaning the figures right will appear as the mirror images left. References Leigh, J.R. (1988). Temperature measurement and control. USA: Institute of Engineering and   Ã‚   Technology. Sumich, J.L. and Morrissey J.F. (2004). Introduction to the biology of marine life. Massachusetts: Jones   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and Bartlett Publishers. Pople, S. (1987). Explaining physics. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Dolan, G., Duffy, P. and Percival, A. (1996). Physics. United Kingdom: Heinemann.

Round-trip time (rtt)

Round-trip time (rtt) RTT: Round-Trip Time (RTT) can also be called as round-trip delay. It is to calculate how much time required for sending a packet or signal pulse from one source to a specific destination and comes back to the same specific source. RTT is one of the several factors that affecting latency and the time between the request for data and also the complete return or display of that data. RTT can range between a few milliseconds under some ideal conditions to several seconds between points under adverse conditions. Estimated RTT plus can be defined as safety margin. It is the estimated value of RTT that is based on the combination of current RTT and the past RTT. EstimatedRTT = (1- a)*EstimatedRTTlast + a*SampleRTT Large variation in Estimated RTT means larger safety margin. To calculate the DevRTT we need to estimate how much Sample RTT deviates from Estimated RTT i.e., DevRTT = (1-b)*DevRTTlast +b*|SampleRTT-EstimatedRTT| (typically, b = 0.25) Segment Sample RTT Estimated RTT DevRTT Time Out Interval 1 130 130.00 130.00 650.00 2 138 131.00 99.25 528.00 3 122 129.88 76.41 435.50 4 124 129.14 58.59 363.50 5 131 129.37 44.35 306.77 6 139 130.58 35.37 272.05 7 139 131.63 28.37 245.10 8 121 130.30 23.60 224.71 9 134 130.76 18.51 204.80 10 127 130.29 14.71 189.12 11 267 147.38 40.93 311.12 12 139 146.33 32.53 276.47 13 126 143.79 28.85 259.19 14 134 142.57 23.78 237.68 15 141 142.37 18.18 215.08 16 137 141.70 14.81 200.93 17 291 160.36 43.76 335.42 18 123 155.69 41.00 319.68 19 134 152.98 35.49 294.95 20 139 151.23 29.68 269.95 21 141 149.95 24.50 247.94 22 142 148.96 20.11 229.41 23 139 147.71 17.26 216.77 24 122 144.50 18.57 218.79 25 123 141.81 18.63 216.34 26 143 141.96 14.23 198.90 27 215 151.09 26.65 257.70 28 134 148.95 23.73 243.87 29 122 145.59 23.69 240.36 30 134 144.14 20.30 225.35 Table 1 A premature retransmission timeout occurs if there is no packet or signal loss or if the lost packet or signal can be captured by fast retransmission mechanism. With contrast, over estimation of RTT will lead to late retransmission timeout, in that case, if there is a loss and which cannot be captured by the fast retransmission mechanism. Therefore, it is crucial to have a Retransmission Timeout (RTO) value for TCP performance which is an equilibrium point in balancing between both the above cases. Note: RTO must be smaller than RTT. Following are the few algorithms which help in setting the retransmission timeout Ludwig and Katz propose the Eifel algorithm to eliminate the unnecessary retransmissions that can result from a spurious retransmission timeout. Gurtov and Ludwig present an enhanced version of the Eifel algorithm and show its performance benefits on paths with a high bandwidth-delay product. Ekstrand Ludwig proposes a new algorithm for calculating the RTO, named the Peak-Hopper-RTO (PH-RTO), which improves upon the performance of TCP in high loss environments. RFC 3649 proposes modification of TCP congestion control that adapts the increase strategy and makes it more aggressive for high bandwidth links (i.e. for large window sizes) Even if there is no packet loss in the network, windowing can limit throughput. Because TCP transmits data up to the window size before waiting for the packets, the full bandwidth of the network may not always get used. The limitation caused by window size can be calculated as follows: where RWIN is the maximum receive windows size and RTT is the round-trip time for the path. At any given time, the window advertised by the receive side of TCP corresponds to the amount of free receive memory it has allocated for this connection. Otherwise it would take the risk to have to drop received packets by lack of space. Unrelated to the TCP receive window, the sending side should also allocate the same amount of memory as the receive side for good performance. That is because, even after data has been sent on the network, the sending side must hold it in memory until its has been acknowledged as successfully received, just in case it would have to be retransmitted. If the receiver is far away, acknowledgments will take a long time to arrive. If the send memory is small, it can saturate and block emission. A simple computation gives the same optimal send memory size as for the receive memory size given above. Packet loss When packet loss occurs in the network, an additional limit is imposed on the connection. The limit can be calculated according to the formula (Mathis et al.): where MSS is the maximum segment size and Ploss is the probability of packet loss Below table shows the theoretical maximum sustained TCP throughput 135 kbits/sec at 1 second RTT 225 kbits/sec at 600 millisec RTT (typical satellite RTT) 449 kbits/sec at 300 millisec RTT 1200 kbits/sec at 100 millisec RTT (typical domestic Internet RTT) 1780 kbits/sec at 60 millisec RTT 2800 kbits/sec at 30 millisec RTT 4510 kbits/sec at 10 millisec RTT (typical within a city) In order to set the ACK timer we need to know how large the ACK timeout value should be. It can be too short or too long. Too short > premature timeout > extra retransmission Too long > slow reaction to loos > poor performance For this we need to have the timer longer than RTT, for this we need to estimate RTT by measuring the time from a segment transmission until the receipt of ACK which is nothing but Sample RTT. For this we need to ignore retransmissions and measure only one segments RTT at a time. By doing so, the sample RTT will vary and we can compute an average RTT based on the several recent RTT samples. Timeout = Estimated RTT + 4*DevRTT The probability of premature retransmission timeout is P1 = P[RTO < RTT] ((1-p) W + (1-(1-p) W) (1-3/W) ) ≈ P[RTO < RTT] (1-3/W 2) ≈ P[RTO < RTT] The throughput degradation due to this event is: L1 = WlogW. During the slow start ph.ase we can observe, TCP sends at most W packets. We obtain that the expected output degradation result to premature retransmission timeout is: P1.L1 = P[RTO